Miranda Assignment

Miranda warnings are based on the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court initially laid down this principle in the case of Miranda v. Arizona (384 U.S. 436) and was affirmed in the case of U.S. v Charles Dickerson (530 U.S. 428) that the Miranda warnings are guarantees to ensure the protection of the rights of the criminal suspect during police investigations. These constitutional rights refer to the right to have counsel, the right against self incrimination and a general basic right to due process (Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478) .The criminal suspect is supposed to be informed and advised of his constitutional rights by reading to him the Miranda warnings during custodial investigation or interrogation (Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436). Custodial investigation is defined as â€Å"questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person is taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his or her freedom in any significant way† (West's Encyclopedia of American L aw, 1998).The rationale for this is the fact that in custodial investigations there is the tendency of law enforcement or police officers to coerce the criminal suspect. There is also the likelihood for the criminal suspect by reason of fear during the antagonistic environment, to lie to defend himself or admit to the commission of the offense or criminal act being investigated. The Miranda warnings are supposed to protect the suspect from being intimidated and making forced confessions by reason of the strategies that may be employed by the law enforcement officers [Illinois v. Perkins, 496 U.S. 292 (1990)].The Court interpreted the meaning of ‘custody’ as one which restricts the physical movement of the suspect (Orozco v. Texas, 394 U.S. 324). It may also occur even if the inquiry or interview is non-confrontational [Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.  S. 492 (1977)}.In the instant case, Police Officer Watson should have advised the suspect of the Miranda warnings before h e asked him questions. The suspect is deemed to be under custodial interrogation already even if at the time Officer Watson asked the question, they are not in the police station yet. The custodial investigation is deemed to have commenced when Officer Watson started to ask the suspect.As the court ruled in the case of Orozco v. Texas, a criminal suspect is deemed to be under custody even if he is in the comfort of his own home when his freedom of movement is restricted (Orozco v. Texas, 394 U.S. 324). It is noteworthy to point out as well that Officer Watson failed to inform the suspect of his rights when he was brought to the police station for interrogation. Consequently, the statements made by the suspect shall be deemed inadmissible against him during trial except to impeach his own testimony in consonance with the exclusionary rule doctrine (Walder v. United States, 347 U.S. 62 (1954).Under the probable cause doctrine, the Miranda warnings are no longer necessary. Law enforcem ent officers are required by law to have probable cause before arresting a suspect. Probable cause is defined as â€Å"a level of reasonable belief, based on facts that can be articulated, that is required to sue a person in civil court or to arrest and prosecute a person in criminal court† (West's Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998).The suspect’s answer to the first question of Officer Watson cannot affect the admissibility of confession because there was lack of coercion to force the suspect in making such a statement. The important factor to be determined is whether the suspect made his statement knowingly and voluntarily, a doctrine enunciated by the Court in the case of Oregon v. Elstad [Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985)].ReferencesDickerson v. U.S., 530 U.S. 428. Retrieved on April 15, 2008, from                   http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/530/428.htmlEscobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478. Retrieved on April 15, 2008, fromhttp://cas elaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/378/478.htmlIllinois v. Perkins, 496 U.S. 292 (1990). Retrieved on April 15, 2008, fromhttps://www.oyez.org/cases/1989/88-1972

Fashion in the sixties

Sylvia Ayton, a manner alumnus of the 1960ss one time said â€Å"Suddenly it was the lilting 1960ss ; it was the most exciting, fantastic and charming clip. To be a interior decorator so was fab. We kept our bandeaus but we abandoned our girdles, drawing on pantyhose changed our lives even more than the pill.† The 1960ss was a decennary of far making alteration and London was the Centre of it. Thankss to a convergence of music, movie, manner and societal alteration such as the civil rights motion, sexual release and feminism, the 1960ss became the decennary for the immature ; it was the clip of the Youthquake. Poster misss of the youthquake such as Jean Shrimpton, Twiggy and Penelope Tree were frequently on the screen of manner magazines such as Vogue. For manner interior decorators it was a clip of great alteration, they were able for the first clip to interrupt many manner traditions, mirroring the societal motions of the clip. Couturiers like Couregges and Yves Saint Lauren t were among the few that embraced the new age of design and started making vesture aimed at the young person instead than at their parents. They were besides among the first that experimented with stuffs such as PVC and shortening hemlines. In 1961 the LBD or small black frock which had become a genre in its ain right was reborn by Hubert de Givenchy when his design featured in the movie Breakfast in Tiffany’s. Givenchy designed the frock cognizing the wearer good ; he made the manner freshman and younger and in making so created an iconic manner minute. Audrey Hepburn’s elfin expressions and little figure contrasted aggressively with the smoldering gender of Anita Ekburg in her black frock in La Dolce Vita. Givenchy was expecting a manner to come. As was the interior decorator Andre Couregges, with a background in architecture one of his first inventions in the Sixties was the white LBD, which heralded the start of a new age of infinite consciousness. Couregges, along with interior decorator Paco Rabanne and Cardin were some of the first interior decorators to research ‘space age’ expressions and the usage of different engineerings and stuffs. In ’64 and as a direct influence of infini te travel the Parisian fashion designer Couregges launches his ‘space-age look’ which was both airy and vernal in cut and visual aspect. The interior decorator clothed his theoretical accounts ; caput to toe in shimmering white synthetics, – the coloring material, harmonizing to Couregges embodied the contemplation of white – adding the coloring material Ag which evoked the Moons contemplation. In add-on to these colorss he used splinters of Rhodid plastic plating, silver coloured spangles and vinyl phonograph record, in the spring of ’65 Couregges’ ‘moon girls’ stepped onto the catwalk for the first clip. The interior decorator combined short somewhat flared frocks with snow white wool coats, angular neckbands, futuristic spectacless, and unfastened toes white boots. This aggregation was made to be wearable and comfy for immature adult females ; he besides designed level white boots – which are now known universally as â €˜go-go’ boots – to guarantee easiness of motion. Paco Rabanne besides used his preparation in architecture to force manner engineering further, the interior decorator created sculptural frocks made from fictile phonograph record and metal ironss which frequently entailed utilizing plyerss instead than run uping acerate leafs during the building. This extremist experimentation was an progressively widespread characteristic of elect manner in the Sixties. Diana Vreeland was an of import figure in the Sixties ; she was unfastened to everything that was new, different and wild, therefore she was an devouring protagonist of Couregges ‘Space Age ‘movement. She became the editor of American Vogue in 1962 and was the ‘Original High Priestess of Fashion’ . Many influential interior decorators and editors to this twenty-four hours depict her as the biggest inspiration for their callings. Her words were powerful and influential ; she christened new tendencies and the people who made them with catchy headlines and metaphors. Her words such as ‘beautiful people’ and Youth quake’ sums up the creative, smart and rich plangency of the Sixties decennary. Her reaching in ’62 had been handily timed, with her infinite energy and genius for the extraordinary ; she non merely captured the kernel of the clip but shaped them – seting unconventional beauties like Twiggy and Cher on the forepart scre en, and having the Beatles and Mick Jagger on inside spreads, she turned Vogue into a magazine that no longer catered for merely society adult females. Vreeland besides changed the face of modern beauty, Jean Shrimpton and Penelope Tree were Vreeland misss and for the first clip, theoretical accounts were stars and stars like Audrey Hepburn were theoretical accounts. One of Vreeland misss, Jean Shrimpton was the first high-fashion theoretical account to besides be a popular cover girl, her freewheeling manner made it possible for a whole universe of misss her age to link with the elegant and expensive apparels she modelled. A alumnus of the Lucie Clayton College, she was foremost spotted by David Bailey. As a twosome the brace became emblems of London in the early Sixties. Bailey said ‘it’s about impossible to take a bad image of her and that even in her passport she looked a great beauty’ . Shrimpton was a family name by the clip she was twenty five, she is besides credited with altering the class of popular manner. The miniskirt may hold been born on the catwalk but Shrimpton’s visual aspect in a mini frock at the Melbourne Cup in Australia ensured that every adult female wanted one. Shrimpton was a totem for British manner. British Vogue said of the Sixties and Shrimpton that â€Å"the universe all of a sudden wante d to copy the manner [ Britain ] looks. In New York it’s the ‘London Look’ and in Paris it’s ‘le manner anglais† . One of the most celebrated faces of the Sixties was Lesley Hornby Aka Twiggy. As a teenage theoretical account she weighed merely six and a half rock, but her organic structure matched Diana Vreeland’s description of the perfect modern-day silhouette ‘the smallest calves ; the straightest legs ; bantam, narrow, lissome pess ; beautiful carpuss and throat’ . Her calling started as a happy accident, at 5†6 Twiggy had been told she was excessively short to go a theoretical account but after Leonard of Mayfair, protege of Vidal Sassoon cut her long hair into a pixie harvest for a promotional shoot, her calling all of a sudden rocketed. This transmutation twinned with the theoretical accounts ain manner of make-up which consisted of three braces of ciliums, painted dolly ciliums on her lower palpebra and bare lips earned her the rubric of ‘The Face of 66’ . Where Jean Shrimpton embodied the realistic side of the Sixties, Twiggy came to stand for the Youth temblor coevals. Across the H2O in America there was another Sixties icon, Penelope Tree. 1968 was the ‘Tree’s’ twelvemonth, and she changed the impression of beauty. Tree non merely challenged the conventions of beauty but besides her celebrated line of descent. Similarly to Twiggy, the Tree was created her ain image, frequently shaving her superciliums and attaching false ciliums on the bottom rims of her eyes, she didn’t fit an ideal. In 2008 she said, â€Å"I felt I was an foreigner so I didn’t see anything incorrect with looking like one, † Tree was besides portion of what a journalist in 1967 called modeling’s new â€Å"Personality Cult, † which valued qualities other than cuteness. Other iconic theoretical accounts such as Veruschka, who portrayed herself as an artistic Gypsy and the alien Donyale Luna, the first black theoretical account to be internationally successful were portion of this ‘cult’ . The Sixties was a disrupti ve decennary for the African American community, civil rights militants used noncompliance and non violent protest to convey about alteration. The federal authorities in America were able to do legislative headroom with enterprises such as the ‘Voting Rights Act of 1965’ and the ‘Civil Rights Act of 1968 ) . It was besides a clip where many leaders from the African American community rose to prominence including Martin Luther King Jr, Rosa Parks and Malcolm X. They risked and sometime lost their lives in the name of freedom and equality. Donyale Luna’s success as a theoretical account heralded a alteration in manners attitude to African Americans. The Sunday Times Magazine hailed her as the’completely New Image of the Negro adult female. Fashion finds itself in an instrumental place for altering history’ . Naomi Sims was another black theoretical account who paved the manner for many, after infinite rejections from bureaus, during the 60s her continuity led to major track and column success. In 68 she appeared on the front screen of ‘Ladies’ Home Journal and had a strong presence in the manner universe. The interior decorator Halston told The New York Times that Naomi was â€Å"the great embassador for all black people. She broke down all societal barriers.† One interior decorator in specific was a innovator for colored theoretical accounts, Yves Saint Laurent ; he was the first of all time haute couture interior decorator to utilize colored theoretical accounts in his track shows. Saint Laurent’s repute was built on his supreme tailoring ; he was the first to feminize the dinner jacket, with ‘Le Smoking’ in 1966. The interior decorator believed that the pant suit belied a sensuous muliebrity ; paired with stilettos and a felt hat the spare men’s orienting merely highlighted a woman’s figure. The timing of this new design was perfect: It appealed to the desires of the immature adult female who was merely deriving entree to deliver control, political power, and an executive calling. Saint Laurent power-dressing by a decennary, the suit became a symbol of success for calling adult females throughout the universe. Pierre Berge, friend and concern spouse of Saint Laurent one time said that whilst ‘Chan el gave adult females freedom, Yves Saint Laurent gave them power’ . He was besides renowned along with Couregges for open uping pret-a-porter. In 1966 Yves alongside his spouse Pierre Berges turned off from the couture workshops and towards the handiness of pret-a-porter and in ’67 they opened a dress shop called Rive Gauche in Paris. The Boutique sold Saint Laurent’s ready to have on aggregations and accessories like aroma, accoutrements and cosmetics. Besides in ’66 after a brief suspension due to the pirating of his design Couregges reopened his design house holding created a tiered manner system with three scopes, priced and manufactured on a sliding graduated table ; Couture Future, Prototype and Hyperbole. This system was intended as a mass-marketed pret-a-porter, with the integrating of off-the-rack into the manner system and the cultural alterations in the 2nd half of the 20Thursdaycentury, this theoretical account was adopted by couture houses t rying to last. Mary Quant was another interior decorator who shaped the manner people dressed in the 1960ss, in 1964 she was responsible for taking the London Look to America and was renowned for being the British interior decorator that made miniskirts the icon of the sixtiess. Quant’s miniskirts were a far call off from the architectural mini lengths of Couregges in Paris, she used easy jersey forms in vivacious colorss traveling off from the 1950ss pastels. Quant besides played with the proportions of authoritative manner garments ; scaling up cardigans and doing jerseies into frocks, she was besides the first interior decorator to level the barriers between twenty-four hours and eventide wear. Quant one time said that â€Å"clothes should accommodate themselves to the minute. Girls want apparels they can set on first thing and still experience good in at midnight.†( Boutique, A 60s Cultural Phenomenon, Marine Fogg) . Not merely was Mary Quant a polar influence to all female interi or decorators as an enterpriser and an indispensable subscriber to the youthquake motion she was an icon. She wore her ain designs and epitomised the ‘dolly bird’ image of the immature 1960ss miss and modelled the archetypical 1960s Vidal Sassoon bowl haircut that rapidly became synonymous with her vesture. Decision hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Penelope_Tree hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Jean_Shrimpton hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Twiggy hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cocoandcreme.com/2010/10/iconic-cover-girls/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Yves_Saint_Laurent_ ( Brand )

Analysis Of The Market For Kids Apparel Marketing Essay

Analysis Of The Market For Kids Apparel Marketing Essay Popular culture is no longer regional. The advent of cable television, syndicated radio programs, and the Internet has created a world where a fashion statement in New York will be on the streets in a small mid-western town in a matter days. The speed of our telecommunication system has increased young customers’ expectations and demands for products that represent their own cultural statement. This clothing store business plan details how Smoke Jumpers will offer young customers the youth-oriented products and clothing that are popular in large urban areas but not available locally. The target customer is â€Å"Generation Y,† age 11-18, who listens to alternative music, participates in youth sports like skateboarding and snowboarding, and looks toward alternative clothing trends in large urban areas for inspiration. Smoke Jumpers will provide the distinctive clothing, shoes and products that are just ahead of the fashion curve. Introduction Good times for the Indian k ids’ apparel market are in the offing. The evolution in the buying behavior of children, and their influence over their parents results in a big difference in purchase decisions. Media exposures and promotions also cause a significant influence in the market. Evolving dynamics in this market have made it necessary for the manufacturers and retailers to evolve their business strategies’ in order to sustain themselves in the market. Many manufacturers come up with their own brands, while some others enter into business through joint ventures. Today’s kids are more fashion conscious, and are ready to experiment with clothing. Increase in the amount of disposable income, and retail blitz has brought a sea change in the Indian kids apparel market. With kidswear being considered as a part of the lifestyle segment and a strong emphasis is being placed on brands, this segment proves to be a potential business Objective of Feasibility study Products SmokeJumpers will off er young customers the following youth-oriented products and clothing: Shoes Jackets Sweaters Shirts Pants Bags Hats T-shirts Dresses and skirts Shorts Kids Wear Industry/Market Analysis Market for kids’ apparel is the fastest growing industry in India. Manufacturers are coming up with fancy materials targeting kids who are more interested in the upcoming fashion trends. Children’s garments are available in various forms and designs. Kids’ apparel market is more unorganized than any other segment of apparels. The market is a proposition of the good, bad and the ugly. A huge volume of kids’ apparel in India is being dominated by local and unorganized players. This gives an excellent opportunity for the organized players to lay a strong foundation in this segment. Indian market is now moving towards an international look in terms of children’s apparel. Cotton plays a major role in the clothing of children. Approximately, 86% of the kidswear are of co tton. Branded kids apparel market is in its nascent stage in India with a handful of national and international brands. Industry analyst estimate that market size of branded kidswear in India including brands like Ruff Kids, Ruff Baby, Planet Kids, Gini & Jony, ZAPP, Li’l Tomatoes, and Weekender Kids is estimated to be around Rs 1,000 Crore. They positively assert that branded market for kids is growing at 15% per annum. International brands including Barbie, Mothercare, Benetton Kids, Pepe, Lee Kids, Tommy Hilfiger, and Adams Kids have also entered the Indian market.

What were the major provisions of the 1954 Geneva Accords, and what Essay

What were the major provisions of the 1954 Geneva Accords, and what international pressures influenced these accords - Essay Example The strategies laid in this issue had a directed effort in controlling trade and other interests. America on one hand wanted to kill communism in the south eastern Asia while the French colonized Vietnam and invested heavily in the region. No one was willing to let go of the loose end of the string as economic and political factors acted as the drivers of events. France never wanted to leave Genà ¨ve after signing the Genà ¨ve accord after investing and gaining influence over the nation (Ives 27). The prime minister kept on with the ties and culture in the northern part. The reassurance of French supports to Vietnam after independence and guarantee it an election in the 1956 hence a transition from a master outlook to equals. The domination of the French compromised the independence of the southern Vietnamese. This influenced the political scene in the nation in that politicians had to be anti French. Ten months after the accord, there was a French American cooperation that saw the French mismatch their action with words. As the Geneva conference approached closure, the US began to review its policies towards Indochina. This consideration came as a result of communist in Chinese gaining avenues to spread to south eastern Asia. This would mean that the free world in these regions would come to an end as restrictions had to gain grounds originating from the communist. Sought to alternative French policies took center stage. The French and the US had to part ways over Vietnam as the policies regarding Viet by the US got subject to withdrawal. The US on its perception felt that the French could have taken a little bit longer in Vietnam before offering it independence. America had two avenues of getting involved in the Indochina war. The most conspicuous one involved the efforts of France attempting to keep its colony as the other included the Vietnamese civil war. The main cause of this involvement by the

Rituals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rituals - Essay Example One of the ghost stories that I heard at UC Irvine is a dance major who was obsessed with being the perfect dancer. She lived at one of the single rooms in Mesa Court. She was quiet and rarely went out of her room. One week had already passed, but she had not gone out of her room at all. People thought that she could be practicing hard for her upcoming performance, especially since they could see her silhouette in the curtain, dancing every day. However, the bad smell started creeping out into the whole floor. The RA knocked on the dancer’s door several times before she decided to forcefully enter it. She found the dance major hanging from a ceiling fan, with a rope around her neck. She spun around slowly, as if she just killed herself, although the autopsy revealed that she had been dead for 10 days already. People thought that she gave in to the pressure and committed suicide. Joseph Bosco says in â€Å"The Supernatural in Hong Kong Young People's Ghost Stories,† â₠¬Å"†¦many supernatural phenomena have natural explanations. The moral lesson of the story is to not yield to pressure and to remain sane with the help of one’s social support group, as well as to practice healthy rituals. She is a loner who thought she could make it on her own without friends or family to support her. At the same time, her ritual might have been too strenuous on her, mentally and physically. Perhaps she needed the magic of positive rituals that give a â€Å"sense of control, with that added confidence, at no cost†.

Lesson Plan to Comprehend the First Law of Newton Assignment

Lesson Plan to Comprehend the First Law of Newton - Assignment Example The language needs to be of a Middle School level, with the emphasis being laid on the explanation and usage of technical and scientific terms, like Inertia and Velocity. Sentences that define the key concepts must be written, and finally must lead to the law itself. Later, examples can also be illustrated. Charts and pictorial depictions of the law can be used. Besides this, an action of the real-life depiction can be done in class by getting groups of students to enact each example. This way, it drives home the concept, while also promoting team-building and bonding. The content must not be perceived from the sole purpose of explaining the law. It must invoke a genuine interest to learn about Newton. Besides this, the very pertinence of this law in day-to-day activities can help stress on the amalgamation of reality and science, and a confluence of the two. Thus, the preparation for the instruction of this class, must ... Besides this, the very pertinence of this law in day-to-day activities can help stress on the amalgamation of reality and science, and a confluence of the two. Thus, the preparation for the instruction of this class must involve the proper portrayal of Newton and his laws. The first law must be explained with the help of key concepts. Then, real-life examples must be used to help students comprehend the concept clearly. Finally, the  active representation of the law can be portrayed in class.

Qualatative excercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Qualatative excercise - Essay Example However, employees still complain that they are abused verbally, intimidated, and, in general, made to feel inadequate. Situations in which employees are subjected to verbal attacks and to harassing and intimidating behaviors occur frequently in organizations (Namie & Namie, 2003; Rayner, Hoel & Cooper, 2003; Hochheiser, 1998, Hornstein, 1996). Incidents that have non-fatal endings leave employees frustrated; some quit their jobs or develop major health problems. Researchers who recently began examining these workplace behaviors conclude that the deliberate and repeated verbal aggression coupled with ridicule or harassing and intimidating strategies cause mental and physical harm which they regard as a complex phenomenon—workplace bullying (Middleton-Moz & Zawadski, 2002; Davenport, Schwartz, & Elliott, 2002; They adopted the term â€Å"workplace bullying† from their counterparts in England, Europe, Canada, Australia, and other countries around the world where research has led to legal and legislative interventions to highlight and prevent workplace bullying. However, American researchers have been slower than their counterparts around the world to investigate the nature of workplace bullying. While research into workplace problems in America has led to legal and legislative action to control assault, sexual harassment, stalking, and discrimination, workplace bullying has not been recognized in America as a unique phenomenon. In fact, the United States is viewed as being â€Å"at least twenty years behind [other countries] on focusing on workplace bullying† (Namie & Namie, 2003, p. 99). For some time now, requests for relief from the workplace bullying have not been very successful in the courts (Yamada, 2000). This interest in workplace bullying has generated studies about â€Å"the types of bullies that exist, the tactics

Tax Aspects of Partnerships Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tax Aspects of Partnerships - Research Paper Example This paper will explore the various dimensions of taxation as applied to partnerships in the United States. The material in this paper is not intended as a treatise but rather as a brief explanation of the matter only. The major rules dealing with taxation in partnerships are enshrined in the United States Internal Revenue Code under Chapter 1, sub Chapter K. However, the application of K-1 rules is subservient to declarations of partnership under Form 1065 that documents the various transactions of the partnership entity4. The aim of the method is to ensure that the declarations of income and transaction presented by the entity in question are verifiable against the partners’ declarations. Individually, the partners are provided with K-1 schedules that they need to fill out on their own to report their personal income levels. However, this is far easier said than done since the partners may be involved in more than one entity and it may not be simple to segregate incomes from various entities among other problems. The first step in calculating applicable taxes is to measure the income attributable to the overall partnership5 and then for this income to be segregated as per the various partners. The share of each partner in the entity’s income or loss is determined in accordance with the partnership agreement6. Once a partnership agreement has been drafted, the independent character of the partners is considered as overruled such as in Bellis v. United States7. In case that the partnership agreement fails to provide for a distribution, then the partner’s share is determined by the partner’s partnership interest in the entity8. Additionally, partnership interest for any partner may be calculated using capital accounts of the respective partner9. When dealing with partnership income measurement, certain income sources need to be treated separately in order to arrive at individual partner income. Exclusions from collective income may oc cur in areas such as charitable contributions, foreign tax payments etc. which in general are personal concerns of the involved partners. In contrast, if charitable spending is done from the platform of the partnership using individual contributions of partners, the spending is not considered to be deductible from taxation. The recent decision on Dunlap et al. v. Commissioner10 makes it clear that any charitable donations from a partnership platform, even if executed by individual partners, must be considered an act of the partnership. However, foreign income derived from partnerships such as through controlled foreign corporations is still subject to tax such as explained in Brown Group Inc. v. Commissioner11. The basic contention is to separate partner income from partnership income. Although a list of items is available that may be subject to exclusion but guidelines remain unclear and open to differing interpretations. This in turn tends to complicate the separation of income it ems to be used for income measurement. It may not always be possible to separate such sources of income and loss as expounded in the recent decision of Whitehouse Hotel Limited Partnership v. Commissioner12 where the partnership was unable to classify its income sources properly under law. Another aspect is items that are not liable to deductions as long as they

Volcanoes and Earthquakes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Volcanoes and Earthquakes - Research Paper Example Earthquakes have caused widespread damage to human life over the years. There have been earthquakes that have wiped away generations, cities; only to be found later by geologists and historians. With the advanced technology, it has become easier to measure the magnitude and the origin of the earthquake with immense accuracy. Predicting earthquakes is still a mystery and they always catch the human race by surprise.Earthquakes are caused by the shifting of tectonic plates that are present under the Earth’s surface. The ground we consider rock solid, is made up of plates that constantly keep shifting, occasionally shifting rapidly, causing earthquakes in that region. This movement of plate’s releases stress along the geologic faults. These fault lines are considered the boundaries between two plates. It is along these fault lines that earthquakes occur. Interestingly, Earthquakes can also be caused by human activity such as mine blasts and nuclear testing. The epicenter b eing the exact point on the earth’s surface, under which at the hypocenter is present; hypocenter being the exact point where the movement took place (Caroll, 1997). The thought of volcanoes, brings a mountain with erupting lava in our minds. Volcanoes are almost always associated with fascinating destruction of nature and their blinding rage of destroying everything that comes in their way. However, geologically, a volcano is any opening on the planet’s surface, from which the molten lava can make its way to the surface. From fissure vents to submarine volcanoes; all openings in the earth crust the spew out lava are termed as volcanoes. There is classification based on the kind and composition of lava that comes out of the fissures or openings (Sengupta, 2007). Volcanoes are also classified on the basis of their activity; they are active, dormant or extinct. Active volcanoes erupt regularly with many eruptions scripted in the human history; these eruptions may be mont hs apart, years apart or centuries apart. Dormant volcanoes are the ones who have been quiet (no eruptions) for a long period of time, with no written records of their activity until the day the activity starts again. Extinct volcanoes, as the name implies, are the volcanoes that were active some time but have no activity happening as there is no lava supply (Carol, 1997). Volcanoes and Earthquakes: Relationship? The relationship between the volcanoes and earthquakes is pretty significant. On the face of it, there might not be enough evidence, however, when one studies closely it is evident that one of these surely can trigger the other (Rafferty, 2010). Earthquakes generally occur at tectonic plates and most of the eruptions occur in these volcanic regions only. The movement is caused by

The Effect Of An Independent Exercise Program Essay

The Effect Of An Independent Exercise Program - Essay Example In the development of various exercise programs for treating the patients with bronchiectasis it is important to have enough knowledge as for the means of airway clearance methods, their effectiveness and outcomes. There has been made profound research a for the effects and effectiveness of such methods, and it is necessary to discuss them in general and especially concentrate on the PEP method. Abundant research has supported the central role and importance of the retained secretions in initiating the bronchiectatic process. Bronchiectasis is characterized by the effect of mucus hypersecretion, and it is the display of the disease destructive effect. If the secretions are not cleared from the airways, they will nurture the organisms, which in their turn become the reason of chronic inflammation, and support the high level of various toxic byproducts in the lungs of patients. Mucus also serves the means of transporting the chemical products, which seriously damage the lung defense system. In case the patient is diagnosed having excessive amount of mucus in his lungs, there is a threat that the clearance mechanism will be destroyed as well as further promotion of bronchiectasis will be promoted. However, certain researches have been devoted to the evaluation of effectiveness in relation to different airway clearance methods. It is necessary to understand that with the development of new approaches to the bronchiectasis treatment the central role will be devoted to prevention or earlier intervention of the disease, and the excessive use of antibiotics should become the means of emergency rescue means in the most serious cases. The airway clearance therapy should be thoroughly developed and should carry aggressive character, no matter which method exactly is chosen. Any method of airway clearance will enhance the clearance of thick mucus. Airway clearance techniques are divided into several methods and are represented as follows: Mechanical percussion; Positive expiratory pressure; Vibratory positive expiratory pressure; Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation; Etc. Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) or expiratory resistance for COPD promotes the clearance of mucus and the collateral ventilation disease. PEP works through pushing air into the lungs, keeping them open all the time. Through the use of PEP the person breathes in normally, but breathing out is made as if through resistance. The PEP device is usually used with a mask; it is noted that it can also adapted for the delivery of bronchodilators. Shelton (2004) notes, that it is effective without the need for using the postiral drainage, and of course in case it is performed incorrectly, it proves itself to be absolutely ineffective, though this may be said in relation to any other airway clearance techniques. The systematic review of the literature, related with the use and various researches in the area of PEP devices, has been made by Elkins et al. (2004), however, the bigger portion of the studies, found by author, have been considered by him to e of low quality. He has used twenty stu dies in his research, which included 430 participants. According to the literary research, it has been indicated that forced expiratory volume in 1 second was the most common

Kant Categorical Imperative Essay Example for Free

Kant Categorical Imperative Essay Kant’s Categorical Imperative is made up of two formulations, Formula of Universal Law and The Formula of the End in Itself. The first formulation is best described by the following statement, â€Å"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction. † (Kant, 1785, 1993). What does this mean? A maxim is the fundamental rule of conduct or your moral belief upon which you chose to act. A universal law is a law that everyone must follow regardless of the outcome. How do we determine if the maxim can become universal? One of the first things to do is to ask yourself if it would be acceptable that everyone do the same thing that you are considering doing in that situation. We were given several examples in The Elements of Moral Philosophy and the one that made the most impact was â€Å"suppose a man needs money, but no one will lend it to him unless he promises to pay it back-which he knows he won’t be able to do. Should he make a false promises to get the loan? † (Rachels, 2012). If this happened the maxim or universal rule would be anytime you need a loan tell a lie that you will repay it and you will get the loan. This is not something that everyone would be willing to do because you will no longer believe others when they tell you this statement and no one would be willing to make the loans. The second thing you should do to determine if the maxim can become universal is look at your answer to the first question. Did you say â€Å"yes, I think that everyone will do it? †. If so, then ask yourself if it makes rational sense to want everyone in the same situation to do what you are contemplating doing. If your answer was no to either question then your maxim cannot become universal law because it is not considered moral. Overall, based on Kant, an act is morally right only if the primary rule of behavior, which is how you decide to act morally, can constantly and universally relate to you and others. The second formulation is best described by the following statement, â€Å"Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end. † (Kant, 1785, 1993). Basically, this means that morality consists of doing your duty to treat people, including yourself, and an end, never as a means to an end. Kant combined the second formulation with the first because we have a perfect duty to not use the humanity of ourselves or others merely as a means to some other end. Most ends are somewhat subjective because they need only be pursued if they are in line with some particular hypothetical imperative that a person may choose to adopt. (Categorical Imperative Explained, 2012). The second formulation also leads to the imperfect duty to further the ends of ourselves and others. If any person desires perfection in themselves or others, it would be their moral duty to pursue that end for all people equally, so long as that end does not contradict perfect duty. The question of whether or not Kant adequately addresses the problems evident in comparison of the two formulations cannot be summed up with a simple yes or no answer. He makes a good argument for both sides just as he opposes both sides. The difference is whether or not we have the right moral sense to determine why and how our decisions affect ourselves and others. Kant shows that you have struggles when rationality and practicality are conveyed to cover the same matter. So after all this we ask the question, â€Å"How plausible is the theory? † I think that it is a logical theory that clearly assists in making decisions. It provides a plausible account of morality because you can look at others and have a tendency to complete your actions based on those of others. Kantianism is a more consistent theory because it can be universally applied to all. It is more believable because even if the penalties of carrying out an action aren’t necessarily the best, the individual is still obligated to perform the action because it is their duty to do so. Kant’s theory focuses on the motivation of actions and has a clear and distinctive set of universal rules, and is morally sound. Consequently, ethically and morally they are doing the right thing. Bibliography Categorical Imperative Explained. (2012, April 12). Retrieved from Everything Explained: http://everything. explained. at/categorical_imperative/ (1993). In J. W. Ellington, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (p. 30). Hackett. Kant, I. (1785, 1993). Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals 3rd ed.. . In J. W. Wllington. Hackett. Rachels, J. (2012). The Elements of Moral Philosophy. McGraw-Hill. Reason Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reason Chicago: Reason Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reason (accessed April 17, 2012). The Elements of Moral Philosophy. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://jamesrachels. org/78improvedsentences. htm Chicago: The Elements of Moral Philosophy, http://jamesrachels. org/78improvedsentences. htm (accessed April 17, 2012).

Case study Technique Essay Example for Free

Case study Technique Essay In psychology, cases study is the use of descriptive research and analysis to obtain in-depth information about a person, group, or a phenomenon. Case study is conducted using techniques such as direct-observation of the person, personal interviews, psychometric tests, and use of earlier researches archived (Dunbar, 2005). Psychology uses a case study often in clinical research to explain an unusual occurrences and conditions of the patient. The conditions are contrary to the pre-established principles in the fields of psychology and clinical research. Most of the case studies are single-case design; however, there is multiple-case design where instead of using sampling, replication is the criterion for use. Case study in psychology ought to be valid, and reliable to help in the future psychological research. This paper explains the reasons, disadvantages, and advantages of the case study. Reasons for Using Case Study Case study allows the researcher to examine and gather information about persons in far more detail than if the research was on a large number of people. Although the case study is not a research method, clinical and psychological researchers identifies methods of data collection that is suitable for the case study (Goodwin, 1995). For instance, observation, interviews, personal notes, and officially documented records. The reason for the case study is to investigate into the private lives of persons with the focus of understanding them and helping them in overcoming the problems that they experienced in their daily lives. Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Study Case study allows the researchers to collect detailed information about a person that is useful. The information would not have been obtained by the other research methods. The information obtained during the case study is richer and is greater in depth compared to the other experimental designs. Moreover, the research considers rare cases where large samples of similar people are not available. Scientific experiments on the person done during the process of study are also an advantage (Dunbar, 2005). The process enables the researchers to adapt to ideas and come up with a hypothesis that  will be a point of reference in the future research. On the contrary, the data collected during the case study cannot apply in a wider population. This makes the data not be useful in longitudinal case studies. In addition, some of the studies are not scientific in nature (Goodwin, 1995). They are only a generalization of the scientific principles. The study considers only one individual; therefore, the study is prone to the researcher biases. The bias of the experimenter can influence the conclusions more than in the other study designs. It is also difficult to prove the effect from the psychological case study (Dunbar, 2005). A case study is often prone to be more time consuming than the time used in other study designs. Sources of Case Study Data The case study research generates data from different sources. The researchers use field notes to record data that is already available in stored databases. The use of sampling where one person is examined to represent a wider group is also a method of case study data collection. In addition, questionnaires, observations, and interviewing are other methods used to collect case study data. In conclusion, the study tends to collect qualitative data. The psychological case study is important since it collects unique and in-depth data about a person. Mainly, the rare phenomena and conditions allude to case studies. Finally, it is vital to refer to the recorded data to ensure that the findings are accurate and applicable in the real life situations. References Dunbar, G. (2005). Evaluating research methods in psychology: A case study approach. Malden, MA: BPS Blackwell. Goodwin, C. J. (1995). Research in psychology: Methods and design. New

Offender Profiling Techniques Effectiveness

Offender Profiling Techniques Effectiveness This essay will be discussing the effectiveness of offender profiling techniques. Firstly the essay will be looking into detail what offender profiling is and describing it. Secondly the essay will be looking at the comparison of the US and UK approaches and the effectiveness. Finally a conclusion with be drawn to look at the differences between the UK US approaches. In the criminal justice system, there is a growing demand for experts in the field of human behaviour who can assist law enforcement with solving unusual homicide cases. Law enforcement agencies often seek help from psychologists, criminologists, psychiatrists, and other professionals that specialize in human behaviour when trying to catch a suspect. Criminal profiling is in place to help detect and capture criminals, it has now become more common during many a criminal investigation. Criminal profiling has also been recognised as one of the most useful techniques in offender profiling, a technique used to help define the behaviour of an offender before they reach the height of their criminal career. This gives the Authorities a good idea of important facts of a criminals personality; facts such as: Profession, environment in which they live and whether it is possible for them to strike again or not. Offender profiling is commonly used in crimes such as paedophilia, rape, satanic and ritualistic crime, lust and mutilation murder and as well as many other crimes. The goals of profiling are: to make assessments from the crime scene that will give the authorities an idea of how to catch the criminal. According to The Guardian (the jigsaw man, Steven Morris 2000) The modern history of what came to be known as offender profiling began in the 40s when the US Office of Strategic Services asked William Langer, a psychiatrist, to draw up a profile of Adolf Hitler. After the second world war, Lionel Haward, a psychologist working for the Royal Air Force, drew up a list of characteristics which high-ranking Nazi war criminals might display. Then in the 50s, James A Brussel, a US psychiatrist, drew up what turned to be an uncannily accurate profile of a bomber who had been terrorising New York According to Holmes Holmes (1996) there should be three main goals of offender profiling, these are to provide the police with basic information about the characteristics of the offender such as age, race, personality, employment and marital status, to suggest any possessions the offender may have that would associate him with the crime scene (such as souvenirs the police may want to search for) and to provide interviewing strategies and suggestions the police may use when questioning a suspect. The American approach to developing a profile of an offender has been developed from an initial sample of interviews with 36 convicted serial sexual murderers, combined with detailed information from crime scenes. The next part of this essay it will be discussing the effectiveness of both UK US offender profiling and discussing the comparison of both approaches. Firstly, the US approach is known as holistic or top-down approach and data from scene and from MO compared with previously known information. The FBIs Crime Scene Analysis consists of six steps, which are summarized in the section that follows. Profiling Inputs: a collection of all evidence, including anything found on the scene (i.e. fibers, paint chips, etc.) and anything derived from the crime scene Decision Process Models: evidence is arranged to locate any types of patterns, such as whether or not the crime is part of a series of crimes, what the victims have in common. Crime Assessment: the evidence has been organized, the crime scene is reconstructed. Investigators use patterns to determine what happened in what order, and what role each victim, weapon had in the crime. Criminal Profile: the combined first three steps are used to create a criminal profile incorporating the motives, physical qualities, and personality of the perpetrator. Also, the investigators use this information to decide on the best way to interview the suspects based on their personality. The Investigation: the profile is given to investigators on the case and to organizations that may have data leading to the identification of a suspect. The profile may be reassessed if no leads are found or if new information is learned. The Apprehension: this stage only occurs in about 50% of cases. When a suspect is identified, he/she is interviewed, investigated, compared to the profile. If the investigators have reason to believe that the suspect is the perpetrator, a warrant is obtained for the arrest of the individual, usually followed by a trial with expert witnesses including the forensic psychologist and other forensic experts, including those involved in the crime science analysis. According to Jackson (1997) Offences most suitable for profiling involve those where the suspects behaviour at the crime scene revel important details about themselves. Arson and sexually motivated crimes where the criminal has demonstrated some form of psychopathy seem to offer the best chance of useful information being disclose. A few examples of profiling where its most effective are crime scenes revealing evidence sadistic torture, posturing of the body, ritualistic behaviour or staging. According to the F.B.I case which involve mere destruction to property, assault or murder during a commission of a robbery are generally unsuitable for profiling as the personality of the criminal is not frequently not revealed in such crime scenes. However drug related crimes lend themselves poorly to profiling because the true personality of a criminal is not recognised. Criminal profiling exists in large part due to the work of the FBIs Behavioral Science Unit, a department dedicated to developing new and innovative investigative approaches and techniques to the solution of crime by studying the offender, and his/her behaviour and motivation According to Brent E. Turvey, MS (1998) The advantages of the Inductive Criminal Profiling model are readily apparent. Foremost is that Inductive Profiling is a very easy tool to use, for which no specialized forensic knowledge, education, or training in the study of criminal behaviour or criminal investigation is required. Additionally, general profiles can be assembled in a relatively short period of time without any great effort or ability on the part of the profiler. The result is often a one or two page list of unqualified characteristics. These generalizations can accurately predict some of the non-distinguishing elements of individual criminal behaviour, but not with a great deal of consistency or reliability. The next part of the essay will be discussing the UK approach of offender profiling. The UK approach to the term offender profile came well known to the police forces and the general public during the 1980s. British approach is less subjective and called bottom up method, or data-driven. Data is collected and analysed to produce definite, measured, specific associations between offences and offender characteristics. Paul Britton is a Consultant Clinical and Forensic Psychologist who founded psychological profiling in the UK. He has advised the police in over one hundred serious investigations, including some of the most high profile crimes of the past twenty five years. In his previous role as head of the UKs largest Forensic Psychology Service, he assessed and treated thousands of offenders, victims and witnesses. He sat on the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) sub-committee on offender profiling for some years, remaining an independent consultant for several more, and has liaised with worldwide agencies. Professor David Canter was a pioneer in this nascent field, helping to guide detectives in the mid-80s to an offender who had carried out a series of serious attacks. But he saw the limitations of offender profiling- in particular, the subjective, personal opinion of a psychologist. He and a colleague coined the term investigative psychology and began trying to approach the subject from what they saw as a more scientific point of view. The approach to offender profiling uses the setting and nature of and physical evidence at the crime scene. This builds up a relationship between the characteristics of the offence and the actual offender. This approach also uses scientific statistics in processing evidence. Each profile is unique to the individual offender which gives the technique the name bottom-up. Offender profiling is most useful when trying to find a serial offender as police can identify the typeof victim, especially in rape and/or murder cases. The behaviour of the criminal is an important feature in profiling an offender examples of this are; the location of the crime, type of victim, interaction with victim and often the timing of the crime. Environmental concepts such as mental mapsare often used in order to develop the idea that typical rapists live in the area that they offend in. This approach to profiling aims to be more scientific, using real evidence and statistical analysis. Canter (2000) states concerns that the F.B.I.s typologies may be too closely focused on the behaviors of the offenders rather than on the meaning of the behaviors. A detailed examination of the crime scene might thus be seen as an essential first step in the gathering of relevant information. While a phys ­ical examination is already carried out by forensic scientists searching for fingerprints, clothing fibres, semen samples etc., the scene can also reveal other clues to the profiler. detailed examination of the crime scene may well provide clues as to the underlying personality of the offender. It appeared that some offences were carried out with a great deal of forward planning, while others were committed with little planning or preparation. In the latter case, a victim may have been selected at random, whereas in the former, a victim may have been targeted and observed for some time in advance of the offence. While a detailed examination of the crime scene will be helpful to a profiler, such an examination is not always possible. For example, some recent research in the UK (Smith, 1998) has sug ­gested that profilers tend not to be bro ught in at the earliest opportunity, but rather are contacted when other more traditional forms of police enquiry have failed. By this stage the crime scene will probably have been disturbed and vital clues possibly lost. Turvey (1999) warns against using profiling as anything other than suggesting probabilities. He cites the case of Rachel Nickell, studied by Kocsis et al. (1998). After looking at both approaches from the UK US, they both have different approaches to offender profiling. Firstly, Boon and Davies (1992) argue that the British approach is based on bottom-up data processing (an analysis of existing evidence) the aim being to identify associations between offences and offender characteristics. The American approach is top-up and uses subjective conclusions drawn from both experience of crime and interview with criminals. This states that the UK approach looks at the data of a criminal and the evidence, the US approach looks at the criminal and gathers information.

War and Grief in Faulkner’s Shall Not Perish and The Unvanquished :: Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Essays

War and Grief in Faulkner’s Shall Not Perish and The Unvanquished It is inevitable when dealing regularly with a subject as brutal as war, that death will occur. Death brings grief for the victim’s loved ones, which William Faulkner depicts accurately and fairly in many of his works, including the short story â€Å"Shall Not Perish† and The Unvanquished. While the works differ because of the time (The Unvanquished deals with the Civil War while â€Å"Shall Not Perish† takes place during World War II) and the loved ones grieving (The Unvanquished shows the grief of a lover and â€Å"Shall Not Perish† shows the grief of families), the pain they all feel is the same. When we first meet Cousin Drusilla, her fiancà ©e Gavin has already died at battle. Some Southern ladies may have handled their grief passively, retreating to their beds to sleep their pain away. However, Drusilla takes a different approach. She becomes a part of the war, actively saving her horse when the Yankees burn her family home and eventually joining her uncle’s cavalry. Drusilla refuses to passively grieve; she becomes a part of the war for which her lover felt so strongly that he was willing to die. In doing so, however, she becomes detached from the Southern life the men are trying to preserve. She thinks Gavin’s death has opened her eyes to a new world and that the old world in which they lived was pointless. â€Å"Living used to be dull, you see. Stupid. You lived in the same house your father was born in and your father’s sons and daughters had the sons and daughters of the same negro slaves to nurse and coddle, and then you grew up and you fell in love with your acceptable young man and in time you would marry him, in your mother’s wedding gown perhaps and with the same silver for presents she had received†¦Stupid, you see† (100-101). However, Drusilla—even though she may not be willing to admit it, even to herself—had always wanted that kind of life. She easily fell in love with Gavin, and once he was gone, she decided to give up her dreams of that kind of life—she wasn’t going to wait for the war to end so she could start the cycle of finding â€Å"an acceptable young man† again. Drusilla was going to take Gavin’s spot in the war, out of love and grief and loyalty.

Morrisons Bluest Eye Essay: Misdirected Anger Depicted -- Toni Morris

Misdirected Anger Depicted in The Bluest Eye In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison shows that anger is healthy and that it is not something to be feared; those who are not able to get angry are the ones who suffer the most.   She criticizes Cholly, Polly, Claudia, Soaphead Church, the Mobile Girls, and Pecola because these blacks in her story wrongly place their anger on themselves, their own race, their family, or even God, instead of being angry at those they should have been angry at: whites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pecola Breedlove suffered the most because she was the result of having others' anger dumped on her, and she herself was unable to get angry.   When Geraldine yells at her to get out of her house, Pecola's eyes were fixed on the "pretty" lady and her "pretty" house.   Pecola does not stand up to Maureen Peal when she made fun of her for seeing her dad naked but instead lets Freida and Claudia fight for her.   Instead of getting mad at Mr. Yacobowski for looking down on her, she directed her anger toward the dandelions she once thought were beautiful.   However, "the anger will not hold"(50), and the feelings soon gave way to shame.   Pecola was the sad product of having others' anger placed on her:   "All of our waste we dumped on her and she absorbed.   And all of our beauty, which was hers first and which she gave to us"(205).   They felt beautiful next to her ugliness, wholesome next to her uncleanness, her poverty made them generous, her weakness made them strong, and her pain made them happier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Pecola's father, Cholly Breedlove, was caught as a teenager in a field with Darlene by two white men, "never did he once consider directing his hatred toward the hunters"(150), rather her directed his hatred towards... ...(than shame).   There is a sense of being in anger.   A reality of presence.   An awareness of worth"(50).   the blacks are not strong, only aggressive; they are not compassionate, only polite; they were not good, but well behaved; they substituted good grammar for intellect, and rearranged lies to make them truth(205).   Most of all, they faked love where felt powerless to hate, and destroyed what love they did have with anger.   Toni Morrison tells this story to show the sadness in the way that the blacks were compelled to place their anger on their own families and on their blackness instead of on whites who cause their misery.   Although they didn't know this, "The Thing to fear(and thus hate) was the Thing that made her beautiful, and not us"(74), whiteness.   Works Cited: Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. Afterward by Toni Morrison. New York: Penguin, 1994.

Birth order and School Achievement Essay -- essays research papers

Birth order and School Achievement There has always been an attempt to figure out why some people do better in school than others. Is it due to financial stability? Is it attributed to parents’ own success as students? Very importantly, one’s birth order plays a role in one’s school achievement. I. Theory Growing up with siblings or the absence of siblings can be a major factor in determining academic success. Being the oldest, middle or youngest child does not necessarily determine academic success concretely without exception, but serves as a predictor of future academic success. School achievement is gauged by how far one goes in his or her education, starting from grade school, all the way up to graduate school. Before getting into the developmental stages across the life span and in the interest of time, I will only be discussing birth order in terms of the oldest child, middle child, youngest child and only child because configurations of five or more children occur only in 10% of the families with children. The average family in the U.S. has three (Toman, 1976). Also, I will be dividing the developmental stages into 3 stages: childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Childhood (Ages 1-12)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The firstborn child is likely to have intensified feelings of power and superiority, high anxiety, and overprotective tendencies (Feist & Feist, 2002). The firstborn children usually have a close relationship with the parents than laterborn children. The child has the experience of having his or her parents to him or herself and tends to feel like a rather important individual (Forer, 1969). For a while, these children are only children until a younger brother or sister is born. They experience a traumatic dethronement, which may development resentment towards the new baby. During this time in their life, firstborns may be jealous and want to seek mother and father’s affection. When it comes to school, in grade school, these children will try to seek attention by being a class clown or a rebellious child. Education itself may not be of interest to them. Report cards may show poor grades and unsatisfactory behavior. This makes sense because before the younger siblings were born, the firstborn child was anxiously awaited. Parents are so proud of the firstborn as their â€Å"pride and joy.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The middle child or s... ...his or her final grade in the class. The students would then be grouped into categories of first born, second born, third born, fourth born, and so on. The students would then be ranked by grades along with their birth orders. I would try to determine the effect of birth order on school achievement. The professor would determine the students’ final grade. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether or not this questionnaire would find significant results for birth order and grades (school achievement), it would be a good way just to see whether there was a correlation. Ultimately, I’m not sure if this group of students would be representative of the population. The group I picked is in California, so it would not be representative of the entire United States. School achievement can be attributed to many things besides birth order such as social influences. References Feist, G.J., & Feist, J. (2002). Theories of Personality (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Forer, L.K. (1969). Birth Order and Life Roles. Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A.: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. Toman, W. (1976). Family Constellation (3rd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Birth order and School Achievement Essay -- essays research papers Birth order and School Achievement There has always been an attempt to figure out why some people do better in school than others. Is it due to financial stability? Is it attributed to parents’ own success as students? Very importantly, one’s birth order plays a role in one’s school achievement. I. Theory Growing up with siblings or the absence of siblings can be a major factor in determining academic success. Being the oldest, middle or youngest child does not necessarily determine academic success concretely without exception, but serves as a predictor of future academic success. School achievement is gauged by how far one goes in his or her education, starting from grade school, all the way up to graduate school. Before getting into the developmental stages across the life span and in the interest of time, I will only be discussing birth order in terms of the oldest child, middle child, youngest child and only child because configurations of five or more children occur only in 10% of the families with children. The average family in the U.S. has three (Toman, 1976). Also, I will be dividing the developmental stages into 3 stages: childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Childhood (Ages 1-12)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The firstborn child is likely to have intensified feelings of power and superiority, high anxiety, and overprotective tendencies (Feist & Feist, 2002). The firstborn children usually have a close relationship with the parents than laterborn children. The child has the experience of having his or her parents to him or herself and tends to feel like a rather important individual (Forer, 1969). For a while, these children are only children until a younger brother or sister is born. They experience a traumatic dethronement, which may development resentment towards the new baby. During this time in their life, firstborns may be jealous and want to seek mother and father’s affection. When it comes to school, in grade school, these children will try to seek attention by being a class clown or a rebellious child. Education itself may not be of interest to them. Report cards may show poor grades and unsatisfactory behavior. This makes sense because before the younger siblings were born, the firstborn child was anxiously awaited. Parents are so proud of the firstborn as their â€Å"pride and joy.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The middle child or s... ...his or her final grade in the class. The students would then be grouped into categories of first born, second born, third born, fourth born, and so on. The students would then be ranked by grades along with their birth orders. I would try to determine the effect of birth order on school achievement. The professor would determine the students’ final grade. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether or not this questionnaire would find significant results for birth order and grades (school achievement), it would be a good way just to see whether there was a correlation. Ultimately, I’m not sure if this group of students would be representative of the population. The group I picked is in California, so it would not be representative of the entire United States. School achievement can be attributed to many things besides birth order such as social influences. References Feist, G.J., & Feist, J. (2002). Theories of Personality (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Forer, L.K. (1969). Birth Order and Life Roles. Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A.: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. Toman, W. (1976). Family Constellation (3rd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.

All the Worlds a Stage by William Shakespeare Essay

â€Å"All The World’s a Stage† by William Shakespeare is a short poem comparing our lives and the many stages we have to a theatrical play and the many rolls an actor plays in them. William Shakespeare identifies the seven stages a person goes through in life. Infancy, the stage where he is a baby introduced to the world, crying and puking in the nurse’s arms. Childhood, this is the stage where he is growing up and starting school with no enthusiasm. The lover, this is the stage where he has a mistress and falls in love with her, while he tries to sing her a song he can’t look into her eyes because he’s so shy. The soldier is when he tries to keep his reputation thinking less of himself and more of others, and always being ready to fight. The justice stage is where he has gained wisdom and prosperity by the many experiences he had in life. The old age stage is when he begins to lose his charm physically and mentally, he also loses his firmness and personality. Finally, physical and mental lose and death, he begins to become dependent on others like a child and needs constant help from others to perform any tasks; he slowly loses his teeth, eyesight, and taste, until he finally dies. In this paper I will analyze the way William Shakespeare compares a person’s life and its many stages to a theatrical stage and the many rolls and actor performs, his tone, how he uses explicit details, imagery, repetition, consonance, and any other figurative language he uses in this poem. Tone The tone in this poem in my opinion is that William Shakespeare feels as if everyone ends up the way people do just because we all go through life as if we were actors on a stage reading a script knowing every step to take till the very end. He is accepting of death, he knows that everyone goes through every single stage of life assuming they know what do to do next, but no one really does. I came to this conclusion because Shakespeare shows no type of anger or excitement throughout the poem. He is neutral; he is neither afraid of death nor excited about it. He feels as if everyone has a purpose in life and to find that purpose you have to go through every stage. It doesn’t matter how confident you are, how hard you try, or how fast you get through each stage, everyone will always end the same way, dying. Shakespeare knows you cannot skip this part of life no matter who you are. One can only enjoy the time you have and wait for your time to come. He understands no one’s life is fully complete until you go through your final stage of life and die. Imagery William Shakespeare uses a lot of very strong visual imagery though out his poem. In line 7-9 one can visualize a little boy in the morning, tired and very slowly dragging himself to school with his satchel, when he says â€Å"the whining schoolboy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like a snail unwillingly to school. † Another sense of strong imagery is in line 5-6, when he says â€Å"at first, the infant, mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms. † In this line one can easily picture a nurse holding a baby who just came into this world for the first time, whining, squirming, and puking in her arms. In line 9-11 William Shakespeare says â€Å"the lover sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad made to his mistress’ eyebrow. † Here he explains that the lover wrote his mistress a song like poem to express his love to her, but his too shy to look her in the eyes while he sings to her. William Shakespeare uses the entire poem â€Å"All the World’s a Stage† as a metaphor to compare the stages of life to a theatrical stage. He explains how the rolls we play throughout our lives are like the rolls an actor plays on stage. He makes sure to say that no one is ever the same person their entire life, just as an actor doesn’t stay the same throughout a play. William Shakespeare uses strong imagery and metaphor in the poem for us to picture images every stage and how we change all throughout them as we read. Sound Sound is a very big part of this poem, because he uses a specific structure, some rhyme and repetition. The structure of this poem is very important because each stage is in order. He goes from infant, to schoolboy, to lover, to soldier, to justice, to old age, and finally death. For one’s life to start you must be born into this world as an infant; then you slowly grow into a schoolboy, become a lover and then a soldier trying to keep your reputation. You gain wisdom and justice and then you grow into old age where you lose your appearance physically and mentally. Lastly you become dependent on others and eventually your life is over. This poem also has some rhyme in it but not much. You will not find rhyme in the same line. In line 7 he uses the word â€Å"whining† and in line 8 he uses the word â€Å"shining† to describe the schoolboy, which both words rhyme with each other. He doesn’t feel the need to have to rhyme so much in this poem for one to fully understand the metaphor he is conveying. He also uses repetition in the last line of the poem. As he says â€Å"sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything† he repeats â€Å"sans† to let you know he has lost his teeth, eyes, taste, everything as he dies. Theme The theme to â€Å"All the World’s a Stage† in my opinion is live life to the fullest with no regrets. Everyone should have their own life, and do their own thing. No one should have the same routine every single day, that’s boring. Be spontaneous, do things you’d never imagine doing. You’d be surprised at the many things one can do in this world at any age; we just have to be willing to leave our comfort zone and let loose. One should not let another person take over their life for any reason. We should have control of it, and be able to do what we want when we want, and not have to ask for permission. Not everyone goes through each stage of life at the same time, it shouldn’t matter how old one is. One should always have time to laugh and have a good time at any time no matter what. In this poem it is very clear that William Shakespeare wants you to understand how one goes through life. One usually goes through life making choices behind choices, living off your decisions and its consequences. We each have our own routine we follow day by day, even if we don’t always notice it. It’s as if were a character in a play and we follow a script we memorize every day, until something unexpected happens and our role changes. We have to accommodate the new situation into our schedule and try to make it work. We also have time to squeeze in some fun and live. We tend to surprise ourselves from time to time to shake up our lives a little. If you go through your whole life thinking â€Å"what if† isn’t healthy, you need to take a risk and throw yourself out there. Have fun and live your life while you still have it.

Religious Ideas of Dr. Jose Rizal Essay

Dr. Jose P. Rizal (June 19, 1861 December 30, 1896) was put to conclusion by the Spanish compound politics for having rebelled and incited rebellion against the per ground level building and against Spain. He was steeringd of sedition, and insurrection against the m new(prenominal)(a) pastoral. The evidence brought against him would non have stood in contemporary courts of law.What the govern mental science classified as rebellious activities were princip completelyy writings critical of the regime, membership in subversive organizations the wishs of Masonic lodges, and forming an tie beam of citizens desirous of seeking societal and governmental reforms, La Liga Filipina. Never mind if La Liga Filipina sought to obtain citizenship decentlys similar to those enjoyed by Spaniards in Spain.For having repeatedly questi unmatchedd the authority of the church and the temerity to organize citizens out align church service control, Rizal was charged with separatism, give substanceting a terrible heresy, the heavy(p)est crime in compound Philippines. The governing prodded by the m determinationi throw outt arrays meted out the death sentence. At that time, the perform conceived of itself as the resole representative of Divine Order on world. The friar narrates believed that they were the guardians of public order and pietism and the mention of tot al unitedlyy told acquaintance. They claimed that un wish the noncombatant government who was indecisive, remote and weak, they were the to a greater extentover sound peters that kept the plenty of the Philippine archipelago disposed Catholics and therefore loyal and obedient subjects of the colonial government. By equating the church building and the friar orders with Spanish civilauthority, either criticism, any attempt to disparage the friars was ipso facto insurrection.Today in 2011, narration of these all the samets de behave repetition for up till the late 1930s, in 1950s and t o the 1970s during the height of the Cold warf be accusations in the same vein were marshaled against the indispens equal to(p) folk phantasmal associations (colorums),6 against the labor, peasants movements and their sympathizers among the intelligentsia.Dr. Rizal did non pull through an stainless(prenominal) treatise on piety. Neither did he write exclusively on piety. Rizal was no theologian. His conceits on religion atomic number 18 provide along billet his ideas about what is a nevertheless and gentlemane hearty order for our country and the rest of the world. His ghostly ideas were hypothecate as the result of his experiences, his education and vast readings, and as a consequence of his attempts to wrestle with the societal, political and economic problems of his times. In this sense his unearthly perspective is graciousistic and existential. He was not concerned with the subtle points of scho ultimatelyic theo coherent debate.Religion to Rizal is intimately connected with insouciant keep, in the charge our institutions work, and the unfolding of diachronic processes. Above all as he matured, religion to him should serve to inspire worldly concern to give for self-improvement, for a peaceful and unagitated life sentence on this earth and not on the next. He had no broil with rescuerianity per se, or with the clergy. He opposed the church service and the friar orders for obstructing all peaceful path to uplift the Philippine people from servitude, from recanting their god fudge-given rights of granting immunity to regain, analyze and uproot the sources of ignorance and outrage.His unearthly ideas atomic number 18 be drawn from his two novels, the Noli me Tangere and El Filibustrismo. He expounded them in his numerous holds published in La Solidaridad, his essays, garner to his family, colleagues, friends, and his transfer of letter with Ferdinand Blumentritt, and with his former Jesuit mentor, Fr. Pablo Pastells. The latter(prenominal) using the pseudonym troopsuel Garcia Barzanallana wrote extensive polemics regarding Rizals so-called retraction and justified the battlers execution as the nitty-gritty for him to repent his sins of arrogance and thereby allowed him to give birth eternal buy corroborate.Like Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and his other colleagues in the Propaganda movement who studied and worked in europium and Spain, Rizal imbibed the ideas and sentiments of the atomic number 63an Enlightenment and witnessed the revolutionary heightens that were transforming the entire social and political structures in Spain and Europe. As a medical student at the University of Madrid and in Heidelberg, Ger many a(prenominal), his wide-ranging studies in ethnography, anthropology, linguistics and memoir, Rizal absorbed the methods of scientific inquiry, experimentation, aim valuation of facts and in composition, and reliance on man priming coating rather than autho rity be it the Church or the stir. Of special importation were his contacts with the thinkers and leaders of the progressive and libertarian movements in Spain and with other scholars, scientists and philosophers in Europe.Among them was the Austrian Ferdinand Blumentritt who was unrivaled of the initiative European specialists on the Philippines. He similarly read a great corporation of radical theological writings such as those by Felicite R. de Lamennais (17882-1854) who advocated that Christianity mustiness serve the pathetic and disadvantaged in this earth and fight injustice including that perpetuated by the Church. manpower like Miguel Morayta Sagrario, Rafael Labra, piece of musicuel Luis Zorilla, Francisco Pi y Margall (1824-1901) electric chair of the First Republic of 1873, who struggled to transform Spains antiquated feudal system and the a propelling clergy were close friends of Rizal. Pi y Magall tried to stop Rizals execution just now the ultra conserv ative Spanish forces band on keeping the colony prevailed.7 Rizal as well as avidly studied the wrings of French philosophers like Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, novelist Victor Hugo and British and other European progressives.8Was Rizal a heretic? Did he commit apostasy as claimed by his murderers? Was he a traitor to Spain? Rizal did not take a crap Catholic Christianity per se nevertheless its undynamic institutions and the corruption and ab delectations of its representatives in the country. He remained a Catholic until his death. 9 He did not oppose religion except the perversions, abuses and delusion of the representatives of the Church and the colonial government, which he envisi one and b bely(a)d vividly in his two novels. He intended not to destroy the Church but make its shapes much(prenominal) unchanging with the fundamental tenets ofChristianity.Similarly, in the beginning 1888 he did not espouse complete separation from Spain. He valued affiliation w ith the progressive side of Spain that stood for comparability, justice and brotherhood of all men. Compargond to the anti-clerical Spaniards, who assaulted friars, seized their properties, expelled them, torched churches and convents, Rizals attack on the Church by comparison was eternally milder. 10 What make the friars hysterical with vindictive anger was that Rizal, a Catholic espoused Christianity but rejected the Church dogma about the divinity of Christ, his resurrection, and salvation through assurance. Moreover, Rizal defied Church authoritarian methods that smothered emancipation to think and record grievances. He wrote vehemently against corruption and abuses of the clergy that were widely disseminated in Spain and in the Philippines.His Christianity did not rely on the intercession of friar orders, nor their institutions and organizations. Neither did he follow mandatory performance of religious rituals, sacraments and ceremonies. He said, matinee idol does not s hoot candles, He has more candles than the light of the sun. Instead, Christians should return their time in the cultivation of sympathy and virtue. He taught that professedly Christians atomic number 18 those who practice love and charity among all cosmos. He believed that creation are essentially moral, and that all gentleman creations possess the perfection-given electrical capacity to think and reason for ones self. capacity to reason gives man the free pull up stakes that makes him responsible for his decisions and actions. From this assumption follows that all human organisms regardless of race, social status and charge up are equal.He emphasized this lieu in his letters to the women of Malolos and to his Bulacan compatriots. In his letter to his mother on Christmas, 1886 Rizal explained that Christ was the starting signal to proclaim the equality of all men. He admired the proterozoic Christians who although poor and persecuted were besotted in their doctrin e. They remained combineful to the original teachings of Christ. The poor gave Christianity its power because it was their friend, their religion. The rich did not acquit it until much later. They mastered it, making it their instrument to subjugate the people. And as his criticism of the area of the Church in the Philippines and Europe, he asked - why thus is Christianity no interminable the religion of the poor, of the unfortunate? Has it placed itself on the side of those who rule and dominate?Rizal agreed with Pi y Margall in condemning Spanish use of Christianity in the advantage of the Americas. Rizal argued that the conquest of the Philippines was waged in the name of Christianizing the pagan Indios. Thus, Christianity became the legitimizing school of vista of imperialism, not the liberating religion of Christ. Sensitive to the developments in neighboring Asian countries, Rizal in his article published in La Solidaridad, wrote how ternate was conquered in 1601 by Spa nish soldiers enslaving and kill the native-born people while render Salve Regina. He asked, Is this the itinerary to make Philippines love this divinity fudge, making them slaves and toys they should be, while their patrol wagon and moral sense cry out in protest?In dealing with the conditions of early Christians and of the changes in Christian depressions and practices, Rizal said that Christianity was helping of history. Its institutions and peoples conceptions of divinity also change and develop as history evolves. In fact he change by reversal the usual adage that Man is do in the encounter of god to Man creates God check to mans image. Every country develops its stimulate image and concept of God in consonance with its culture and diachronic circumstances. Gods intervention in social life is manifested in the collective decisions and actions of humans. To the extent that humans apply their God-given reason for moral and honourable ends, commit their free will for the social good enough there is where God is found. In this sense, Rizal believes that God is a God of history.However, God to Rizal does not appear like a shower of manna or a thunderbolt not even as a venerable looking count on to reward or punish good and bad deeds. As a scientist, and a keen observer of nature and social processes God to Rizal is not manifested in a single person or in a single revelation as narrated in the Bible, but revealed in the wideness and wonders of nature. This position made Rizal close to denying the divinity of deliveryman Christ, the primordial doctrine of Christianity. Rizal keep that there is no direct augur intervention in history miss through human will, the sincere exercise of reason and conscience, these three concepts run like a continuous thread in his writings. In much the same way he rejected inspiredright of kings, divine succession of the apostles through the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and the infallibility of the Pope an d that of the Papal representatives in the Philippines.He counseled the youth of Malolos not to follow blindly whatever the friars said but to take in their induce experiences, and sieve them through their own reason and conscience. Friars he said are also humans made of bod and bones and posses the same frailties like us. Rizal endeavored to pervert the indoctrination propagated by the friars that molded people into submissive, obedient, low-spirited and mindless flock of sheep prone to passivity. Indoctrinated only to believe the friars, they are credulous of miraculous events and superstitions for they have lost self-confidence and dexterity to question, reason and take responsible actions. This was an odium to Rizal for Christianity was supposed to raise the human spirit, and enable it with the spark of intelligence and energy so that they strive for the same dignity as other human beings in the world.The consumption to elevation the human spirit is deliveryman Chri st. Christ. To Rizal, savior Christ was both divine and human stressing the more human aspects of savior Christ. It is Christs humanity that makes him more loving to the common tao and serves as the symbolic hero. 12 Rizal scorned adoration of the idols of Christ and the saints. He believed that time and energy worn-out(a) in prolonged prayers, novenas, processions, veladas and other spread out rituals ought to be used for more racy economic and social activities. 13 Instead, he said that the best way to express ones devotion was to emulate Christ through good deeds. Do good towards your fellow men is central core of Rizals under ariseing of the Christian ethos. In his hymn to labor Mans Road to Progress and flawlessness he advocated the improvement of the poor and heavy(a) labor a fair apportion of the profits of production.He wanted to change the attitudes, habits and beliefs of his countrymen and women who tended to believe and rely on charming and the supernatural. Ri zal narrated in his two novels the proclivity of the people to believe in and rely on magic, anting-anting, agimat, scapulars, rosaries, ghosts, and the like rather than their own native capabilities, in honest persistent labor. In the Noli, Elias spoke these scathing words against irrational practicesDo you call these external practices faith? Or that business in cord and scapulars, religion? Or the stories of miracles and other fairyland tales that we hear everyday, rightfulness? Is this the law of delivery boy Christ? A God did not have Himself be crucified for this, nor we assume the pact of eternal gratitude. Superstition existed long before this all that was needed was to perfect it and to raise the price of the merchandise.He showed that there is no causal relationship between the state of our morality or piety on one hand and natural disasters and misfortunes on the other. Natural calamities like typhoons, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and epidemics are unavoidabl e they are beyond human control. On the other hand, humans must take responsibility for social aberrations, cruelties, abuses and injustice. They are the consequences of human lassitude, indifference, arrogance, greed and error. Since God endow humans with reason and dignity, hence, to fight for ones honor, for ones rights and freedom is tantamount to religious devotion. There are no tyrants where there are no slaves. Following his argument, to rebel against tyranny, oppression and injustice is a Christian certificate of indebtedness. It is a duty that one must pursue even at the cost of ones life.While he exhorted people to strive and use their native reason as the best means to reach God, he did not ridicule nor condemn church going and all religious rituals and liturgies. Rizal comprehended sincere acts of piety and devotion having find these practices in his mother and sisters. While canvas in Spain and even during his exile in Dapitan, Rizal attended mass and celebrated C hristian holidays. What he criticized was sanctimonious performance of novenas, processions and ceremonials that distinguish and waylay people from deeper disposition of God and in examining the meaning of human existence.During his time, the familiar frailocracy prohibited all civic associations and organizations that those related to the Church and those initiated and supervised by the friars. So stifling was the social modality that civic associations and other similar activities were hale underground. Even theassociation of Masons whose membership was principally professionals and intellectuals were denounced and charged as subversives by the Church. nigh of the best and finest Philippine citizens and leaders were Masons among them were Emilio Aguinaldo, Apolinario Mabini, and Rizal himself. Manuel Garcia-Barzanallana, nom de sneak of Fr. Jose Pastells vehemently opposed and denounced the Masons since their ideology of equality and freedom of all persons irrespective o f race, religion and social status and political activities challenged unattackable authority of the Church.What made the religious orders in the Philippines harbor intense fear and villainy of such moderate organizations like the Masons and La Liga Filipina? Violent political upheavals in Europe and Spain provoked their paranoia. The friar orders having been expelled from Spain found recourse in the Philippines, the colonial outpost, where they thought, they would escape the political and religious upheavals in Spain. Bent on holding on to their properties and privileges that they could no longer maintain in their homeland, Friar orders became excessively genus Suspicious, defensive and paranoid. They persecuted Masons and all those they suspected as their enemies that only exacerbated opposition of their victims.Hundreds of Filipinos were killed, tortured, banished and hounded for the mere uncertainty that they belonged to this fraternity of Masons or possession of heretical and subversive materials. Rizal was attracted to Masonry precisely because the organization sure all persons of good will and acknowledgment as members. Masonry propagated equality of all humans around the world they stood for unmarried liberties, the pastime of justice, and combat tyranny. The practices of Masonry were more democratic which was the foeman of the organization of friar orders that were closed to well-nigh Filipinos who were called disparagingly as Indios. Friar orders were purely hierarchical, and served mainly the interests of their organizationRegardless of Rizals scathing criticism of the Church, Rizal was profoundly spiritual. much as he gave the greatest splendor to human capacity to reason, to human capacity for self- improvement, he believed in God. He expounded his belief in God in his letters to Fr. Pablo Pastells, the intellectof the Society of Jesus the one who sent him to his death in order that he may find salvation. During the compass point of exile in Dapitan, and up to the last hours before Rizals execution, Fr. Pastells strove to bring him back to the Catholic fold by move religious books and Rizals former teacher Fr. Sanchez to counsel him.Fr. Pastells was adamant in his stand that only the Catholic faith was the square(a) religion and that all others were erroneous. He attacked the Rationalists, Deists, Socialists, and Communists as evil teachings. He further argued that Spain was the just country where true Christianity reigned and its best defender stating in effect that the best form of government was a theocracy ground on Catholicism. He insisted that true faith rest on total submission to the enigma and supernatural revelation in Jesus Christ as propounded by the Church fathers who inherited divine authority from Jesus Christ, that was passed on to St. Peter and then to the Papacy.On the other hand, Rizal was open-minded and sincerely wanted to be instructed on the intricacies of Catholic faith. He read the books by defenders of the Catholic faith diligently and expressed his admiration of nearly of the books. However Fr. Pastells could not match. Rizals logical reasoning, his earnest search for empirical and historical evidence needed to validate religious doctrines. His arguments in defense of the primary importance of human reason in analyzing religious teachings showed his consistency and intellectual integrity. Father Pastells did not think that evidence was prerequisite. Instead he appealed to the mystery, the supernatural and transcendental. He argued that the ultimate conclusion of human reason was to have faith. Moreover, he added that the Catholic Church alone feature the capacity and authority to judge what was lasting Truth.He went to the extent that he would use preventive and even repressive measures to project the perpetuation of this Catholic doctrine. Clearly Fr. Pastells and Rizal could not have any common grand for mutual understanding since they argued from two diametrically opposed epistemology. Father Pastells framework was based on religious supernatural knowledge that was immutable and divinely ordained and taken exclusively by the religious hierarchy. Rizal thought that all knowledge including that of God was accessible to human reason and understanding and thereby varied according to each soulfulnessspersonal capabilities, time and place. In other words, man creates God according to his own image or to his own understanding.In the exchange of letters Rizal replied to the charge by Fr, Pastells that in relying only in ones reason, he forgot God and committed the sin of arrogance and self-esteem that his concern was limited merely to the mundane. Rizal the poet replied eloquently and with more humility than what Fr. Pastells credited him for.How cannot I not believe in God? To do so would be to deny my own existence.I believe hard in the existence of God the nobleman I firmly believe in His wisdom, His infinite power (my idea of the infinite is so limited), His goodness manifested in the wonderful creation of the universe in the order that reigns in His creation His magnificence that overwhelms my understanding His greatness that enlightens and nourishes all. His wisdom is so great that it humiliates human reason and makes me dizzy with dizziness for my own reasoning is imperfect and confused. galore(postnominal) times my reasoning leads me to raise my eyeball to Him. I believe Him to be in the immense system of planets, in all the aggregation of nebulae, that bewilders and stretches my imagination beyond my acquaintance that I am filled with dread, cultism and bewilderment and leaves me dumb with wonder.Fr. Pastell charged Rizal that by asserting reliance on human reason he misunderstood the true nature of faith and thus snub divine mystery that was inseparable to faith. credit cannot be called the result of a reasoning process it is a supernatural make from God our Lord, inasmuch as it is the beginning and source of justification, it cannot be equated by our natural powers without the necessary assistance of divine grace. Faith is a voluntary act of homage by which men freely submit his reason to the authority of the revealing God. (April 28, 1893)To this accusation of self-pride, his miss of understanding of the mysteryof faith as a divine grace, Rizal countered perhaps with more prescience than his former mentor unreasonable is the epithet that you apply to the pride of the rationalists. If I may be permitted to ask, if I am still far from being one of them who is more proud the man who is fulfill with following his own reason without rarefied his views on others, or the man who tries to implement on others not what his reason dictates, but what appears to him to be the truth? What is rational has never seemed foolish to me, and pride has always shown its head in the attitude of superiority.Rizal decided to end the exchange of letters with Fr. Pastells for the latter refused to afford even an iota to Rizals way of thinking, that the humane values of justice, equality, the search for truth based on God-given reason and conscience are fundamentally spiritual and are manifestations of the Divine. In his usual polite and conciliatory style, Rizal wrote.Your Reverence says that I ought to swear that God will restore the faith that I lack. Let us then hope that he will do so, for this weigh seems to me to be beyond our natural capabilities. Msgr. Bougarrd no longer convinces me. I am no longer able to comprehend your arguments and rate their merits. And I would be doing wrong in the eye of society, if I were to continue robbing you of your time, which the many people who live under your heraldic bearing need so much and can use to their great advantage. let us leave to God the things that are Gods and to men the things that are mens. As Your Reverence says the return to the faith is Gods work.Rizals murderers succeeded only in eliminating him physically. They failed in killing his ideas and what he stood for freedom of thought, side, and assembly and of the press. Rizal taught us that we must fight for the dignity and equality of all human beings not on our knees but in the arena of life. That to him is the best expression of devotion to God. By his self -sacrifice, he demonstrated that uncompromising courage is the greater weapon in the face of consuming tyranny. True, Rizal fought the Church institutions and its clergy. And yet it was Christian morality that formedthe very heart of his social and political ideas for reforms and justice. Rizal did not weaken nor peril Christianity in the Philippines. What he fought against was corruption, greed, superstition, ignorance and paranoia of the forces of counter-revolution.Conclusion What then is the relevance of the discussion of Rizals ideas on religion to the state of and teaching of Philippine Studies? The probe is also a way of re-assessing the historical fram ework of the way we study and approach our history. Christianization and Westernization tend to view historical developments from the vantage point of the Catholic religion, of Spain and their institutions. It looks at the Filipino people as dormant wards of the energetic missionary and civilizing efforts of the colonizers. Rizals life and works showed that however much he imbibed Catholicism and Spanish culture, he maintained a great deal of his native, autochthonous culture and values language, social norms and practices that he invoked and defended against Spanish prejudices. He and his colleagues from ilustrados who studied in Europe and his stay-at-home countrymen and women shared underlying cultural values and attitudes that enabled them to resist the pip Western demands and exactions.In the process, like Rizal, our predecessors formulated a unique resilient Filipino culture that eventually evolved into what is called national Consciousness. True, Rizal like his educated colleagues studied and learned from the European Enlightenment about the rights of man, about individual liberty, the use of reason and science. Still, the Filipino historiographer must not ignore the Filipino folk who toiled relentlessly to survive the autocratic colonial regime and re-formulated and accommodated to the onerous colonial rule. Rizal was not bound by the inexorable divisions in the field of knowledge.He was less concerned with the formula of the so-called popular theories and methodologies in the Humanities and Social Sciences since his endeavor was to seek evidence and the means of how humans can fight injustice, tyranny, oppression, and social iniquities. just about of all he wanted to elevate the Indio into a dignified, confident human being equipped with critical thinking and able to solve social ills. Therefore, Philippine Studies should be inter-disciplinal by tackling history, philology, geography, geology, biology, and other relateddisciplines all to serve as the means for self-understanding, formulation of Filipino identity and contribute to the formation of a sovereign, united and prosperous nation. some other important ramification of this study is how Rizal viewed history. obstinate to the static, rigid, immutable Catholic position of Fr. Pastells, Rizal thought of history as a dynamic continuous process of change. Events, circumstances, people, their ideas and the environment are inter-connected and are in constant motion. The direction of change may not be always be in sporty successive stages but its direction is towards more knowledge, the expansion of human consciousness and awareness, towards greater human aspirations for freedom and equality. Far from being a pessimist like Pr. Pastells who was fearful of losing Spanish power and prestige of the Church, Rizal was optimistic and looked bravely toward to a better world when the decaying, repressive structures of the old that was surely going to be dismantled to bring forth a better order.BibliographyBonoan, Raul J., S.J, The Rizal Pastells Correspondence, the hitherto unpublished letters of Jose Rizal and portions of Fr. Pablo Pastells fourth letter and translation of the correspondence, together with a historical background and theological Critique, Ateneo de Manila Univ. Press, 1994.Carr, Raymond, Spain, 1808-1039, Oxford Univ. Press, 1966.Carr, Raymond, editor, Spain, a History, Oxford Univ. Press, 2000. Comision Nacional del centanario de Jose Rizal, Cartas entre Rizal y sus colegas dela propaganda 1889-1896 Cartas entre Rizal y los miembros dela familia 1876-1887, Manila, 1961.Corpuz, O.D., The Roots of the Filipino Nation, 2 vols. 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Press, 2000.Fores-Ganzon, Guadalupe, editor and translator, La Solidaridad, Univ. of the Philippines Press, Quezon City, 1980.Garcia-Barzanallana, Manuel, La masonizacion de las Filipinas, Rizal y su obra, Barcelona,1897.Guerrero, Leon Ma., The First Filipino a Biography of Jose Rizal, subject area historicCommission, Manila, 1969.Hessel, Eugene A., The ghostly Thought of Jose Rizal, its Content and Significance, Phil.Education Co., Manila, 1961.Lopez, Rafael and Alfonso Felix, Jr., eds., The Christianization of the Philippines, Historical Conservation Society, Manila, 1965.One Hundred letter of Jose Rizal to his Brother, Sisters, and Relatives, Phil. National Historical Institute, Manila, 1959.Phelan, John Leddy, The Hisoanization of the Philippines, Spanish Aims and Fili pino Responses 1565 1700, the Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1959.Rizal, Jose, Noli me Tangere, Berlin, 1887 translated into English by Leon Ma. Guerrero, Hong Kong, Longman, 1961.Rizal, Jose, El Filibusterismo, E. Meyer van Loo, Belgium, 1891 translated into English by LeonMa. Guerrero, Hong Kong, Longman, 1965.Rizal, Jose, political and Historical Writings, National Historical Inst., Manila, 1989. Rizal, Jose, Annotations to Antonio Morgas Sucesos delas Islas Flipinas published in Mexico, 1609, published in Paris, 1890.Roxas-Lim, Aurora, Radical Spain and its Impact on Filipino Revolutionary Movement, paper presented at the National Conference Encuentro Philippine-Spanish Relations, Univ. ofthe Philippines, held at Balay Kalinaw, Diliman, January 25-27, 2003. , Sarkisyanz, Manuel, Rizal and Republican Spain and other Rizalist Essays, National Historical Inst., Manila, 1995.Schumacher, John, S.J., The Propaganda Movement 1880-18995, the Creators of Filipino Consciousness,, Manila, nod .,Sturtevant, David R., Popular Uprising in the Philippines 1840-1940, Cornell Univ. Press, NY &London, 1976.Villaroel, Fidel, Rizal and the University of Sto. Tomas, Manila, 1984.