Morality and Egos in Radcliffes The Italian Essays -- Italian Essays

Morality and Egos in The Italian The gothic tradition loves to play with the ethical motive of a character and this explains ones egotistical tendencies. In Radcliffes Italian, no matter which side of the morality tree a character stands on, Satan has slipped a little pride in everyones apple. The role of doubles begins forrader Poe popularizes it. Radcliffe works hard to create evil twins and/or corresponding halves to some of the characters in order to demonstrate the power of pride. The gender roles of both antheral and female characters in The Italian do not always correlate to an archetype. Radcliffe bends not only the gender rules, but also the meridian expectations of the contributor to show each characters true moral state and domineering personality through actions the reader would not commonly expect. Some male characters in this check have values that do not draw parallels with their stature in life. For example, Schedoni is a monk, supposedly a loving and caring individual who spreads the word of God. In reality, he conspires with the Marchesa (in a church) to commit a mortal sin, by telling her, ...this girl is put out of the way of committing more mischief... (173). This action shows his true color, usually green, and through his large ego, this jealous nature reveals itself. If he is secure as a person, these petty grievances against Vivaldi would be just that, petty. Bonarmos personality does not correspond to his stature either. He is a servant whose loyalty to his get the hang deserts him. He is too independent and too intelligent to be in servitude to a master whom he does not believe superior to himself. These characters possess too much pride and ego to live in a world where they are not always in co... ... self indulgence is knowing that she saved a young womans life and contributed to her happiness (luckily, Ellena is her daughter). The characters in this novel entertain conflicting notions of morality and pride. Sometimes, these characteristics are at odds with one another, creating the immoral and evil characters. Other times, they cooperate to create realism in these people. The moral characters are good, but politic have enough pride to be dignified, yet not arrogant. Sometimes, when the evil twins (or other halves) run amuck, things get out of hand and troubles abound. Though close of the time these troubles spring from the discrepancy between pride and morality, at other points, dignity and morality work hand in hand to create legitimate and realistic characters. Works Cited Radcliffe, Ann. The Italian. Oxford University Press. 1968.

Geothermal Energy: A General Overview with Specific Reference to the Long Valley Caldera :: Energy Geothermal Papers

Geothermal Energy A General Overview with Specific Reference to the Long valley Caldera IntroductionGeothermal zippo is a process that employs heated groundwater to turn turbines that produce electricity. The water is warmed by the earths natural heat. Geothermal energy was graduation exercise developed by Count Lardarel of Lardarello, Tuscany in 1827 (Geothermal.marin). Since then many other countries have developed geothermic technology, yet it is a resource that remains mostly untapped. As the need to find alternative fuel sources grows, geothermic energy becomes an interesting option for potential future energy end product.Geothermal energy production involves a complex set of issues. First it is important to place geothermal energy in context of todays energy needs. Currently, one of the ongoing dilemmas of energy use is the worldwide allocation of resources and general rate of consumption. Within this essay, I will illustrate a brief history of energy use and develo pment. Geothermal energy can only be produced in particular geological settings. Only areas with recent volcanic activity can produce the heat needed for geothermal production. Therefore, a basic understanding of tectonic plate movement and volcanology is required to understand the production of geothermal energy. I intend to give a general background on the geological settings necessary for the production of geothermal energy production. Lastly, I will center on one region in particular, namely the Long Valley Caldera in California. This is an area that is saturated with historical and present volcanic activity. The recent volcanic activity makes it an area that is perfect for geothermal energy production. I will discuss in particular the Mammoth Pacific plant that operates in Mammoth Lakes. What is Geothermal Energy?The production of geothermal energy is a way of utilizing heat that is created by volcanic activity to produce electricity. Within a geothermal system, g round water is heated by magma chambers to temperatures as high as 450 degrees Fahrenheit. However, the temperature of the water depends on the geothermal gradient. A gradient signifies how deep below the surface the heated water is. The deeper big money the water is in the earth, the hotter it will be (this is called a steep geothermal gradient). The water either reaches the surface of the earth naturally in the form of geysers, fumaroles, or hot springs or it must be drilled.

Global Warming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions :: Global Warming Climate Change

Global Warming and greenhouse Gas EmissionsOverall, emissions of CO2 increased by 0.3% to 6.8 tons per person in the United States. Emissions of glasshouse gases other than carbon dioxide, which account for 17% of total greenhouse gas emissions, declined by 0.6%.Emissions from the industrial sector declined 1.3% even though the U.S. economy grew 3.9% in 1998. However, CO2 emissions from transportation grew by 2.4% while CO2 emissions of regulated utilities expanded by 3.2% as a result of a hotter than normal summer. Overall, 1999 U.S. greenhouse gas emissions were about 10.7 partage higher than 1990 emissions, which are estimated at 1,655 million metric tons carbon equivalent. The 1.1-percent average annual growth in U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 to 1999 compares with average growth rates of 1.0 percent for the U.S. population, 1.5 percent for energy consumption, 2.2 percent for electric power generation, and 3.1 percent for real GDPTable ES2. U.S. Emissions of Green house Gases, Based on Global Warming Potential, 1990-1999(Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent) Gas 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 P1999 Carbon Dioxide 1,351 1,338 1,365 1,397 1,422 1,435 1,484 1,505 1,507 1,527 Methane 182 183 183 178 179 179 173 172 168 165 Nitrous Oxide 99 101 103 103 111 106 105 104 103 103 HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 24 22 24 24 25 29 33 35 40 38 Total 1,655 1,644 1,675 1,702 1,737 1,748 1,796 1,816 1,818 1,833 P = preliminary data.Note Data in this knock back are revised from the data contained in the previous EIA report, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998, DOE/EIA-0573(98) (Washington, DC, October 1999).Sources Emissions Estimates presented in this report. Global Warming Potentials Intergovernmental Panel on humor Change, Climate Change 1995 The Science of Climate Change (Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press, 1996). Energy End-Use Sector Sources of U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990-1999 Sector Million Metric Tons Carbon E quivalent PercentChange 1990 1999 1990-1999 1998-1999 exaltation 431.8 496.1 14.9% 2.9% Industrial 454.8 481.2 5.8% 0.2% Commercial 207.7 243.5 17.2% -0.4% Residential 254.2 290.1 14.1% 0.4% Note Electric utility emissions are distributed across sectors. Total carbon dioxide emissions from the residential sector increased by 0.4 percent in 1999 (Table 6). Year-to-year, residential sector emissions are heavily influenced by weather. For example, in 1996, a relatively cold year, carbon dioxide emissions from the residential sector grew by 5.9 percent over 1995. In 1997, they declined by 0.

Occupational Safety and Health Act Essay -- essays research papers

IntroductionWorkplace safety is a commonly used phrase that legion(predicate) do not consider until an accident occurs within the workplace. Throughout the U.S., workplace injuries occur on a daily basis. This has been an issue in the workforce for many years and is still an ongoing issue. Are there laws that protect employees from an unsafe work environment what is the Occupational Safety and Health flirt (OSHA) and how did the labor unions dissemble the law? In this paper these following questions will be addressed, as well as the background and driving force of OSHA.Definition of the OSHA practice of law fit in to the OSHA website, www.osha.gov , retrieved August 27, 2004, it states OSHAs mission is to assure the safety and wellness of Americas workers by setting and enforcing standards providing training, outreach, and education establishing partnerships and encouraging continual improvement in workplace safety and health. In addition, as of the enactment of the Occupationa l Safety and Health Act in 1970, each employer shall furnish his employees a place of employment free from recognize hazards that cause and/or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees before the enactment employers were only bound by common law to provide a safe work environment for its employees.OSHA also enforces that employees are not exempt and shall comply with occupational safety and health standards under this Act. Employee conduct, must comply with the OSHA rules and regulations and orders which are applicable to their own action and conduct (Bennett-Alexander-Hartman oeuvre Law for Business, Fourth Edition, p 690 p. 2-3).Background and Driving hurlGetting started, the impetus to OSHA was to develop a new safety and or health standard in the workforce. Congress collected information indicating the status quo in the working environment included unacceptable hazards in the workplace. The OSHA act was passed with congress based on a series of informat ion collected through sources such as the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Environmental Protection Agencys Toxic Substances Control Act (TOSCA) referral public petitions or requests from OSHA advisory committees. Empowered with the knowledge of existing workplace hazards a... ...ed to workplace safety and are very personally involved, watching legislative decisions, protesting presidential nominees and lobbying.ConclusionWhile workplace safety and health standards have improved due to OSHA, the mission of the Act is still being carried out for Americas workers. Both employers and employees are responsible to be in compliance with the Acts rules and regulations.ReferencesUniversity of Phoenix. (Ed.). 2004. Employment Law University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Resource. Bennett-Alexander-Hartman Employment Law for Business, Fourth Edition. Retrieved August 27, 2004, from University of Phoenix, Resource, MGT/ 434-Employment Law Web site https//mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.aspOSHA Home Page August 27, 2004. http//www.osha.govRetrieved from http//www.osha.gov/as/opa/oshafacts.html on Monday, August 30University of Phoenix. (Ed.). 2004. Employment Law University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Resource. Bennett-Alexander-Hartman Employment Law for Business, Fourth Edition. Retrieved August 32, 2004, from University of Phoenix, Resource, MGT/434-Employment Law Web site https//mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp

Essay --

Personal StatementMy commitment and motivation to pursue masters in Marriage and Family Therapy is based on the extensive experiences that I have gained in human services in the past 2 years. Since long I have always held the belief that the application of psychological principles has the great power to positively impact society. And I especially believe in its power to help children cope with the stresses and events of everyday life. My own life is a testament to this belief.I have been interested in how behavior and thought processes affect lives. When I was fifteen, the demise of my father due to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) triggered a myriad of questions closely this disorder in my mind. And this led me to take a class in psychology in high school, where I was oriented with psychological disorders. I successfully completed my high school with an aggregate of 81%. Keeping with the incipient interest, I had opted for a Bachelors Degree in Applied Psychology at Delhi Universi ty. all over a span of three years, this course which was based on rigorous pedagogue exposed me to various aspects of psychology, which included general psychology, statistics, research methods, and clinical psychology to name a few. I have always been a consistent performer right from my school days. This is evident from my under graduation which ultimately lauded me frontmost class degree with 66% (GPA-3.61), standing among the top three out of forty talented students in my course group. The charm of extending the frontiers of knowledge in quickly growing field of psychology had induced in me an interest to pursue higher studies. To satiate this curiosity and to embark upon a rewarding career in this field, I considered going for post graduate study in Applied Psy... ...ocial functioning of vulnerable populations such as minorities and deprived children and families. Along with counseling and offer supportive services, I would also like to implement various enabling workshop s, which will help equip disadvantaged individuals with better skills and develop positive egoism and self-responsibilities. I believe graduate work in marriage and family therapy from La Salle University will better train me for the challenges I will be facing in my country.As a student and future professional, I am determined by an ethical obligation to endeavor for excellence in my educational deeds. I look forward to the challenge of developing my past and future learning experiences in an application-based environment. Throughout my college and work experiences, I have developed the discipline inevitable to achieve the requirements of this program.

The Unbearable Lightness of Being - It is Better to Carry a Heavy Load

The Unbearable Lightness of Being - It is Better to Carry a Heavy LoadIs it better to confine a heavy load on your shoulders, or cope with the unbearable lightness of organism? Phillip Kaufman coupled brilliant film techniques with wonderful acting to ramble together the film The Unbearable Lightness of Being based off of Milan Kunderas novel of the same title. The film is set in Prague during the spring of 1968. At this snip the Russians are still trying to exercise their communist control over Czechoslovakia, and Prague is a city filled with political uprisings and violent outbursts from the Czech people. Within the pictorial matter and the plot, Kaufman and Kundera want to help us answer the question, is it better to carry a heavy load on your shoulders, or cope with the unbearable lightness of being? The answer comes to us through watching the love triangle that is built around Sabina, Tereza, and Tomas. Sabina is our example of the individual who would rather cope with the unbearable lightness of being than deal with all of the maladies of everyday life. Tereza on the other hand fully accepts the world around her, whether it is pleasant or not. The movie uses their artwork, their concern for political issues, and their relationships with doubting Thomas to contrast Sabina and Tereza. Sabina represents the individual who would rather ignore reality and cope with the wonderful delusion that replaces it. Her relationship with Tomas is the first example we are presented of Sabinas inclination to avoid the truth. In the beginning of the film Tomas is shown to be what we would call a player. The very first scene of the film is of him leaving his doctoral responsibilities to join one of his nurses in the doctors accommodate to have sex. It ... ...mas and choice to carry the burden was the better choice being as that Tomas chose to stay with her than with Sabina. In the end, when the couple is removed from the city and they live in their own little isolat ed world, we see the extent of their happiness. In the very last scene of the movie, Tomas and Tereza look at each other, and each confesses that they are only happy. Their happiness is an affirmation that it is better to carry a heavy load on your shoulders than to cope with the unbearable lightness of being. All you have to do is anticipate that one day the load gets lighter as it did for Tomas and Tereza. Work CitedKundera, Milan. The Unbearable Lightness of Being A Lovers Story. Trans. Henry Michael Hiem. New York Harper, 1984. Work ConsultedBanerjee, Maria Nemcova. term Paradox The Novels of Milan Kundera. New York Grove, 1990.

Industrial Education

Anything made of metal, no matter how big or small, can be welded. Examples are everywhere, from vehicles like cars, trucks and motorcycles to racecourse cars, ships, aircraft, rockets and space stations. Construction is a huge market, and skyscrapers, bridges and highways would be impossible to build without conjoin, as would oil and natural-gas pipelines, offshore oil platforms, giant wind turbines and solar panels. Welders help install and maintain boilers, antipollution systems and other large structures, as well as piping for industrial, commercial and residential facilities. Welding is even use by artists to create sculptures and decorative items.There is almost no limit to what welding can do, especially since developments in the technology continually improve its accuracy, timber and versatility. Welding is, in fact, an increasingly high-tech skill. Welders are being trained to operate robots and other automated systems that use powerful lasers, electron beams and sometime s explosives to draw metals. The ability to work with computers and program software is consequently vital to the successful operation of these systems.Don Howard, a welding specialist at Concurrent Technologies Corp., an design firm in Johns town, Pa., estimates that 20%-25% of U.S. welding is automated and predicts this trend will grow by about 20% in the next few years.A lot of very intelligent people are coming into the welding community, says Howard. There is money to be made, he notes, but the industry also offers life paths. Welding is not just about working on a manufacturing line anymore. Once in the industry, people know they can find a niche.These are good times to be in welding, says Patricio Mendez, director of the Canadian Center for Welding and Joining at the University of Edmonton in Alberta, Canada. Mendez notes that students who like designing and expression with metal and are interested in fields such as materials engineering, robotics, lasers, computer progra mming and systems integration will find plenty of biography opportunities in welding.Many students are introduced to the wreak by virtual welding. This simulation program is being developed by the Edison Welding Institute of Columbus, Ohio, to teach the basics of welding in classrooms. The objective is to give students a virtual experience that is very much like the real thing, says John Coffey, engineering manager at. The system uses sensors that iterate the look and feel of welding.There are more than 80 welding processes. Most involve a skilled worker using a high-heat flannel mullein (2,800-plus degrees Fahrenheit), filler material that is usually in wire or stick form (though some welds dont use fillers) and pressure to permanently fond regard metal pieces. Welding can also be use to cut and dismantle objects of all sizes as well as for make betters.The most common process is Gas surface Arc Welding, or GMAW. In GMAW, an electrode, which is also the filler, is continuous ly fed through the nozzle of an arc torch. When the welder activates the torch, several operations take break through The electrode begins feeding through the nozzle, a direct current is generated that creates an arc when it comes in contact with the electrode and shielding gases are released around the nozzle to protect the weld from atmospheric gases that could degrade its quality. The arc, whose movement the welder controls, consumes the electrode, fills in the weld joint and creates the weld.Other widely used techniques like Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Shielded Metal Arc Welding are variations of the process. GTAW, for example, is a relatively low-heat method that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode. Its low-heat characteristic reduces distortion in thin metals, such as those used in aerospace, also called stick welding, uses a flux-coated consumable electrode (flux is a chemical cleaning agent that removes oxidation from the metals to be joined) and is primarily used for repair and steel welding. As the electrode burns, the flux disintegrates, which releases a shielding gas that protects the weld from degradation.In more advanced welding technologies, lasers are combined with in a hybrid process to make what one expert calls scalpel-like cuts that are up to -inch deep, narrow and extremely precise. The part of the process then deposits the filler and melts it with a secondary winding heat source.The influence of welding is so broad that many of the product designs and building techniques people take for granted would not be possible without it. With have for skilled welders rising and the technology of welding becoming more advanced, especially where automation is concerned, students have a unique opportunity to learn a career that can be shaped around their interests.

Saying No to Bribes †The Infosys Way

Corruption is widespread in every walk of carriage in many parts of the world. It is difficult to define and identify decadency in black and white. Bribing is a form of rottenness many corporate bodies try to indulge. Companies like Infosys disagreed with Government and other contractors who take to corruption considering it as the office of the world phenomenon. Ultimately, the Infosys strategy worked and the message to the corporate world is that honesty, transparency and fairness can make you win irrespective of the corrupt environment around you.This gives a new insight in to the beneficialfulness Matrix and suggests that a new socially responsible corporate world is in the offing. Saying No to Bribes The Infosys mood The Cut Out Tasks As a Regional Sales Manager of South East Asia, located in Philippines, I prefer to take the diddlyshit by the horns. I have a tough time meeting my corporate goals. There are competitors. I understand my responsibilities that I owe to my employer. I do not have the freedom to immortalize an entirely antagonistic approach to the existing forms of corruption.But I certainly have the freedom to admit the gradient with which I could maneuver scenarios that involve bribing either directly or indirectly. I am proud of Narayana Murthy of Infosys who asked the customs official What is the alternative to paying debase? and later he decided We impart just do that. (Abdelal, Di Tella & Kothandaraman, 2007) It was a threatening moment for Infosys politically and financially at the start-up.The question was raised whether Narayana Murthy had succeeded in corporate governance by being anti-corrupt. The answer very much lies in the fact that the Indian Government awarded Narayana Murthy with the corporate governance award in 2000. Infosys grew fabulously. Today it is known for transparency, honesty and trustworthiness. Besides, it stands as a contribution model inspiring the corporate world. I would avert any situation that lures me towards corruption and unaccompanied benefits me.I would be religious in deciding between choices. The hypothetical case narrated by Narayana Murthy that if he were traveling in Siberia alone and a bird was ready to have a consensual relationship with him, he would deny it is a fine example that conscience governs us in our walk of life (Abdelal, Di Tella, Kothandaraman, 2007). The Infosys Strategy Next, I would think from a different perspective the Infosys strategy. If Infosys could say no to bribe and overcome difficult times at its start-up phase, why not my company?Where there is a will, there is a way. I would like to develop my team with a positive note and motivate the team members to repugn for an identity. Identity is earned through honest practices, transparency, sincerity, by being qualitative and competent in business. The first and serious test for Infosys was threatening both financially and politically when they did not have an identity. At a later stag e, Narayana Murthy noted We have had zero trouble with customs since then (Abdelal, Di Tella, Kothandaraman, 2007).Other companies like Tata Consulting work and Wipro followed its path to remain non-corrupt in their dealings. When a company is given to corruption for whatsoever reason, there is no guarantee that it would be in compliance with socially responsible behaviors. Companies like Infosys with its honesty, integrity, and transparency, will be able to keep in tact the civil foundation at the time of less healthy economies. During roiling times, only the trusted senior management of a company can avert the risks involved to perform well in the strategic frontier of the Virtue Matrix.The able leadership ingrained with corporate virtue alone can work in the growth and interests of the company that maintains equilibrium among shareholders, employees, their communities, and the environment. Besides the above-mentioned factors, the role of Government is vital in assisting the com panies with policies that are impartial and supportive. This in turn will help the companies build socially responsible relations. The Infosys strategy is certainly the right strategy to build the civil foundation in India but with expectations still awaiting from all sides.There is a growing trend of many companies avocation at least a minimal degree of social responsibility. This is an indication that building a civil foundation in India using Virtue Matrix is a near possibility. The Growing Trend in Asia The last three decades have witnessed a lot of political and economic changes in the Asian countries. The pressure and imply by the Non-Governmental Organizations, regulators and the social organizations on corporate companies are more.The combined effort of Non-Governmental Organizations and a strong legal system can drive away corruption and improve working conditions as it is already happening in South Asia. By and large many companies started showing interests in social and environmental responsibilities. The backcloth of stepping up this positive trend lies in wise adaptation of the Virtue Matrix by the companies in Asia. However, the fact that corruption in many Asian countries compared to many European countries is high, makes it difficult to bring a drastic change (Abdelal, Di Tella, & Kothandaraman, 2007). Guarding S and ECorruption is an epidemic which could spread down the hierarchy following the pecking order. Only if the top order is non-corrupt and lead by example, the others in the company will follow it. When honesty and integrity are flouted by bribing, the company cannot show an impeccable face towards Skills and Engagements. If at all it does, it is in the self interests of the company for the sake of revenue. The companies should have ethics and corporate virtue while developing technology. This will promote socially responsible attitudes and avoid infringing the rights or utilizing the skill sets to their advantage.

What Was the American Diet Like 50 Years Ago

at was the I. What was the Ameri discharge viands uniform 50 long time ago? a) Over the foregone 50 years, the Statesn diets build changed from leisurely family meals that were normally prep ard at home using natural ingredients to todays prepackaged, processed and convenience foods that ar often tucker come forthen on the run with little judgement towards nutrition or content. b) Ameri rear end diets corroborate evolved in the last 50 years from natural ingredients to processed, high expatiate ingredients and will continue in the in insert(predicate) to include convenience foods hardly with a grrust emphasis on healthier choices. ) This wasnt al appearances the case. Fifty years ago, people sitting imbibe to a meal were simply looking at for virtuallything hot, filling and, in oftentimes or less cases, inexpensive (Heymsfield 142). c) Throughout the century, Americans experimented with various diets. d) In the 1950s, Adele Davis published a cookbook exploring a h ealthy approach to food. e) In the 1960s, there was a movement to use unprocessed food, natural ingredients and macrobiotic cooking (Klem 439). f) The nonion of a commensuratenessd diet was however quite abstract. ii) People werent as well informed about nutrition as they are today. ) While nutritional research was divine revelation new information about anyday foods, the American house nurture underwent an important structural shift (Klem 438). h) In the 1940s and 1950s women began to enter the workplace in large numbers, it was then that the expanse became caught up in an explosion of convenience items. iii) Time for food readying became much(prenominal) than(prenominal) limited, and the patience responded with a wide contour of pre-packaged foods. iv) Products like Bis nimble, Spam, instant oatmeal, canned tomato sauce and pre-sliced American cheese began to appear (Klem 438). ) By the 1950s, the refrigerator had replaced the old-fashioned icebox and the cold cellar a s a place to store food. v) Refrigeration, because it allowed food to last longer, made the American kitchen a convenient place to maintain readily available food stocks (Heymsfield 144). vi) This oerly allowed for pre-prepared foods such as TV dinners, which became very popular. j) Swansons was one of the start TV dinners, which came out during this quantify. k) Frozen dinners and fast food chains arose and became a ontogeny slew. vii) Meals became quick and simple. viii) People started take in things for taste and popularity, not for ealth reasons. l) In the 1960s and mid-s howeverties, when nutritional research genuinely began to gain the nations attention, food manu situationurers started to offer options that were both quick and health- conscious. ix) Instant orange juice and vitamin-fortified food molecules appeared (Klem 440). m) Cereals came out to make people eat more grains, but over the years, large companies take on decided that to make their cereal sell, the y hasten to make it taste better. x) They channeled things like sugar, candy pieces, chocolate flavors, and numerous other things which are high in calories and high in fat in order to make their product taste better. i) This has made the idea of something healthy turn in to something slight(prenominal) healthy over the years. n) The movement toward convenience eventually caught up with movement toward healthy take. o) This represents a drastic change from the 1950s, when people ate farthermost more of their meals at home, with their families, and at a leisurely pace. p) A hundred years ago there was no such thing as a snack foodnothing you could pop open and overeat, says mollie Katzen, author of The Moosewood Cookbook and galore(postnominal) others, and a consultant to Harvard Dining Services. ii) in that location were stew pots. Things took a long duration to cook, and a meal was the turn out of someones labor. q) The 1950s were also an era in which the kitchennot the television roomwas the heart of the home. r) In 1941, the federal government established the firstborn Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), and the c one timept of basic food groups was introduced. xiii) This period was also the golden age for food chemicals with hundreds of additives and preservatives brought to market for the first time. ) Convenience was most important, and by the 1950s, a large variety of convenience foods made meal preparation easier than ever in the beginning. t) Advancements in technology also led to faster meal preparation. u) During the late 50s and 1960s, Americans attitudes towards nutrition changed as scientific research and other factors combined to heighten awareness. v) In 1959 came the discovery that assume polyunsaturated fats might lower ocellus serum cholesterol. xiv) This was followed in 1961 by further evidence linking cholesterol with arteriosclerosis. ) By 1962, nearly 25% of American families said they had made dietary changes that in cluded less cholesterol. x) That same(p) year, Rachel Carsons book, Silent Spring, provided fodder for the debate concerning the possibility of synthetic chemicals reaching humans by dint of the food chain. xv) There was controversy about food chemicals in general, and the modern consumer movement was launched in 1965 following publication of Ralph Naders book Unsafe At Any Speed. y) 50 years ago women still managed to sheer up m either more calories than their counterparts today. vi) Research suggests the housework and general consumption that stay-at-home housewives did in 1953 were more successful at shedding the pounds. z) The mothers and grandmothers of todays generation burn down well in excess of 1,000 calories a day through their domesticated lifestyle, according to the study by the womans clipping Prima. xvii) except females today compensate through solo 556, even though seven in ten think they are healthier than the post-war generation. ) Modern women also consume a lot more calories, 2,178 a day without delay as opposed to 1,818 then. viii) This could be down to eating more junk food, the study suggested, as women in 1953 were more in all probability to cook meals from scratch with a mixture of ingredients. ) Not everything in the old days appears to tolerate been healthier, according to Prima, which compared the lifestyles of women in 1953 and those of today. xix) They would often eat twice as m each eggs and used almost twice as much cooking fat and oil as women today. xx) They also ate more sugar and less chicken. ) Most meals were served with ve embark onables, although it was more likely to be swede, turnips and sprouts rather than the aubergines, mange- tout or rocket favored today. ) Appliances such as washing machines and dishwashers have also contend their part in reducing the amount of calories burned, the research showed. xxi) Women in 1953 would spend three snatchs a day doing the housework, an hour walkinging to and fro m the shops in the town center, an hour on the shopping itself and some other hour making dinner. ) Many had lunch to prepare, too, as many husbands came home to eat in the middle of the day. ) More calories would have been burned, of course, walking the children to and from school, since the family car was still a rarity. Today, women drive, rather than walk, have freezers, which mean fewer shopping trips, and use supermarkets, which provide everything under one roof. xxii) It is all a far cry from 50 years ago when they would have to traipse betwixt the butchers, to the bakers, the greengrocers and other specialist stores. ) Women 50 years ago didnt, however, have the do good of 45 minutes on the treadmill or an evening class in Pilates. xxiii) In 1953, their idea of relaxation was listening to Housewives Choice while they process up the breakfast things or Mrs.Dales Diary when they stopped to enjoy tea and a biscuit for elevenses. ) The children occupyed playing with, too, a s few families had a TV set to keep them quiet. xxiv) Evening entertainment involved listening to the radio again, curling up with a book or playing board games. xxv) And in a less disposable age there was always plenty of darning and mending to do by the fire. ) Prima editor Maire Fahey said the magazine decided to study the contrasting lifestyles following an earlier survey, which revealed how todays women were neglecting their health. xvi) It is telling that modern technology has made us two-thirds less active than we were. It goes to show the importance of exercise in the battle to maintain a healthy balance. ) Exercise and diet are not the totally things to radically change over the last half-century. xxvii) physical fitness and nutrition in the unite States have changed tremendously in the past five dollar bill decades. ) Cutting calories and exercise was the most popular method of conjuret injury 50 years ago. xxviii) near fad diets such as the Mayo Clinic dietcreated in the 1930swere existent, but not the most uncouth option in weight passing game.II. Where do most of our foods come from other than America? a) Here in the US, we have several key issues. b) Specifically, every year we get under ones skin less and less of the food that our ever- matureing population needs. c) Theres one word that sums up nearly everything we need to know about the food industry in the United States conglomeration. d) According to the USDA, only about 1/3 of our fruit and crackers and 1/8 of our vegetables are imported. i) About two-thirds of those imports occur during the months of December to April, video display a strong seasonal component to it. ) Mexico is far and away our biggest supplier of fruits and vegetables, taking the top spot in both categories by about a 2-to-1 margin over 2nd place. f) Canada takes 2nd place in vegetables with China a distant third. (Note that these are in dollar figures, not volume, but the relationships should hold when conve rted. ) g) In the fruit category, most of it comes from Central and South America, with only China (4th) to break up the Top 6 of Mexico, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Ecuador. ) The US actually does produce most of its own red meat. i) As of 2008, only about 10% of our red meat was imported, predominantly from Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. j) Fish and shellfish are our study protein imports, with nearly 80% of those being imported. k) Most of that comes from China, Canada, and Thailand. l) There is one bright spot here most of the food Americans consume is still produced here. i. Currently, between 10 and 15 part of all food consumed by U. S. households is imported. m) According to the U. S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA), nearly two-thirds of the fruits and vegetables and 80 percent of seafood consumed domestically come from outside the United States. n) On the other hand, we are seeing a marked add in imports over time. o) According to USDA data, from 1999 to 201 0, there was a 43. 25% increase in import volume (111% increase on a dollar basis). ii. Population emergence is a partial contributor, but in that same time period, the US population only increased about 10%. p) The top three countries that we import from are Canada, Mexico, and China. iii.We are actually Mexicos largest trading attendants, purchase 77% of their exports. q) From 1995 to 2006, imports from China grew five-fold r) According to the U. S. Department of agriculture, the United States imported $4. 1 billion worth of seafood and agri ethnic products from China in 2006. iv. In 1995, it was $800 million. v. From 2006 to 2008, it went up another 25%. s) In 2008, Chinese imports reached $5. 2 billion, making China the third-largest source of U. S. food imports. About 41 percent of this import value was from fish and seafood, most of it farm-raised.Juices and pickled, dried, and canned vegetables, and fruit accounted for the other 25 percent. vi. According to the USDA, abou t 60 percent of all American apple juice, 50 percent of garlic, 10 percent of shrimp and 2 percent of catfish are imported from China. III. How has the typical American diet changed our health and affected rates of disease in this country? a) The sedentary 20th-century lifestyle and work habits brought its own unpleasant consequences, which were overeating and excess weight. a) The number of overweight Americans increased from 1970 to 1990 (Klem 440). ) By the 1990s, Americans had become more conscious of their diets, eating more poultry, fish, and fresh fruits and vegetables and fewer eggs and less beef. ii) They also began appreciating fresh ingredients. c) As Americans became more concerned about their diets, they also became more ecologically conscious. iii) Some Americans turned to vegan or vegetarian diets, or only started eating organic foods, which are foods grown without chemical fertilizers or pesticides. d) At the end of the 20th century, American eating habits and food p roduction were increasingly taking place outside the home. v) Many people relied on restaurants and on new types of fully prepared meals to help alert families in which both freehandeds worked full-time. e) Another sign of the publics changing food habits was the microwave oven, probably the most widely used new kitchen appliance, since it can quickly reheat or cook food and leftovers. v) Since Americans are generally cooking less of their own food, they are more aware than at any time since the early 20th century of the quality and health standards applied to food (Heymsfield 147). ) Two-thirds of American adults are overweight, and half of these are obese. (Overweight means having a soundbox mass index, or BMI, of 25 or greater, obese, 30 or greater to calculate BMI, a widely used measure, take the square of your height in inches and then divide your weight, in pounds, by that number then multiply the result by 703. g) Even adults in the upper end of the normal range, who hav e BMIs of 22 to 24, would generally live longer if they lost some fat add in these people and it appears that up to 80 percent of American adults should weigh less than they do, says Walter C.Willett, M. D. , D. P. H. 80, Stare professor of epidemiology and nutrition at the school day of Public Health. h) The epidemic of obesity is a vast and exploitation public health problem. i) He notes that three aspects of weightBMI, waist size, and weight gained after ones early twentiesare linked to chances of having or dying from heart disease, strokes and other cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and several types of cancer, plus suffering from arthritis, infertility, gallstones, asthma, and even snoring. i) Weight is much more important than serum cholesterol, Willett asserts as a cause of premature, preventable deaths, he adds, excess weight and obesity rank a very close second to smoking, partly because there are twice as many fat people as smokers. vii) In fact, since smokers tend to b e leaner, the decrease in smoking prevalence has actually swelled the ranks of the fat. j) The obesity epidemic arrived with astonishing speed. k) In 1980, 46 percent of U. S. adults were overweight by 2000, the figure was 64. 5 percent nearly a 1 percent annual increases in the ranks of the fat. iii) At this rate, by 2040, 100 percent of American adults will be overweight and it whitethorn happen more quickly, says John Foreyt of Baylor College of Medicine, who spoke at a conference unionized by Giffords Oldways group in 2003. l) Foreyt noted that, 20 years ago, he rarely saw 300-pound patients now they are common. m) Childhood obesity, also once rare, has mushroomed 15 percent of children between ages six and 19 are now overweight, and even 10 percent of those between two and five. ix) This may be the first generation of children who will die before their parents, Foreyt says. ) Today, Americans eat 200 calories more food energy per day than they did 10 years ago that alone would add 20 pounds annually to ones bulk. o) A recent paper in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition argued that the poor tend toward greater obesity because eating energy-dense, highly palatable, refined foods is cheaper per calorie consumed than buying fish and fresh fruits and vegetables. x) One explanation for our slide into overconsumption is that the character of modern Americans is somehow inherently weak and we are incapable of discipline, says Ludwig. i) The food industry would love to explain obesity as a problem of personal responsibility, since it takes the onus off them for merchandising fast food, soft drinks, and other high-calorie, low-quality products. p) Never in human experience has food been available in the staggering profusion seen in North America today. xii) We are awash in edibles shipped in from around the planet seasonality has largely disappeared. q) Food obtrudes itself constantly, seductively, into our liveson sidewalks, in airplanes, at gas stations and movie theaters. iii) thermic divine guidance is directly related to gross national product per capita, says Moore professor of biological anthropology Richard Wrangham. xiv) Its very difficult to resist the temptation to take in more calories if they are available. r) People keep regarding it as an American problem, but its a global problem as countries get richer. s) Still, the lavish bed covers first seating is right here in the United States of America. t) The French explanation for why Americans are so big is simple, said Jody Adams, chef/partner of Rialto, a restaurant in Harvard Square, speaking at the Oldways conference. v) We eat lots of sugar, and we eat between meals. u) Indeed, the national response to our glut of comestibles is apparently to eat only one meal a dayall day long. xvi) We eat everywhere and at all times at work, at play, and in transit. v) simply the most powerful technology driving the obesity epidemic is television. xvii) The best single behaviora l predictor of obesity in children and adults is the amount of television viewing, says the School of Public Healths Gortmaker. w) The relationship is nearly as strong as what you see between smoking and lung cancer. viii) Everybody thinks its because TV watching is sedentary, youre however sitting there for hoursbut thats only about one-third of the effect. xix) Our guesstimate is that two-thirds is the effect of advertising in changing what you eat. x) Furthermore, in some future year when the Internet merges with broadband cable TV, advertisers will be able to target their messages far more precisely. It wont be just to kids, Gortmaker says. Itll be to your kid. y) Since the Industrial Revolution, and particularly in the last half-century, technology has enabled us to conduct an increasingly immobile daily life. ) Even a century later, before the invention of the automobile, many farmed or at least used their bodies vigorously every day. xx) At higher levels of activity, peopl e seem to balance their caloric intake and expenditure extremely well, he says. xxi) If our grandparents were farmers, they were moving all day longnot jogging for an hour, but staying active eight to 12 hours a day. ) The way we do our work has changed, and so has the way we spend our leisure time, he continues. xxii) The average number of television hours watched per week is close to a full-time theorize ) People used to go for walks and visit their neighbors. Much of that is gone as well. xxiii) Not only do many adults spend their work lives in scarecrow of computer screens, but also the design of public spaces outside their statuss eliminates physical activity. xxiv) In skyscrapers, its often hard to find the stairs electronic sensors in public restrooms are eliminating even the most minimal actions of flushing toilets or turning faucets on and off. ) Furthermore, modern children dont have to forage or walk long distances, says Lieberman. xv) Kids today sit in front of a TV or computer. xxvi) They ride to school on a school bus. xxvii) We even have them rolling their school spinal columnpacks on wheels because we are afraid of them overloading their backbones. ) In sum, we no longer live like hunter-gatherers, but we still have hunter-gatherer genes. xxviii) Humans evolved in a state of ceaseless physical activity they ate seasonally, since there was no other choice and frequently there was nothing to eat at all. ) To get through hard winters and famines, the human body evolved a brilliant mechanism of storing energy in fat cells. The problem, for most of humanitys time on Earth, has been a scarcity of calories, not a surfeit. ) Our fat-storage mechanism worked beautifully until 50 to 100 years ago. xxix) nevertheless since then, The speed of environmental change has far surpassed our ability to adapt, says Dun Gifford of Oldways. xxx) Our bodies were not designed to handle so much caloric input and so little energy outflow. ) Different scholars and popular writers have argued that human beings have evolved to be carnivores, herbivores, frugivores, or omnivores, but anthropologist Richard Wrangham says we are cookivores, grinning at the neologism. xxi) We evolved to eat cooked foods, he declares. Raw food eating is never ripe systematically anywhere in the world. ) readiness might be considered the first food-processing technology, and like its successors, it has had profound effects on the human body, as in the growth of bones. ) Various signals influence human growth some come from genes, and others come from the environment, particularly for the musculo-skeletal system, whose job is engaging with the environment. xxxii) Less chewing of cooked food, for example, has altered the anatomy of our skulls, jaws, faces, and dentitioning. xxiii) grate is a major activity that involves muscular forces, says skeletal biologist Daniel Lieberman. It has incredible effects on how the skull grows. xxxiv) Chewing can transform anato my rather quickly in one study, in which Lieberman fed pigs a diet of softened food, in a matter of months their skulls developed shorter and narrower dimensions and their snouts developed thinner bones than those of pigs eating a hard-food diet. ) The same thing happens with human beings. xxxv) Since the beginning of the fossil record, humans have become much more gracile, Lieberman says. xxvi) Our bones have become thinner, our faces littler, and our teeth smallerespecially permanent teethalthough we have the same number of teeth. ) More recently, with the Industrial Revolution, people have become more sedentary they move with their environment in a less forceful way. xxxvii) We load our bones less and the bones become thinner. Osteoporosis is a disease of industrialism. ) In todays world, where we not only cook but eat a great deal of processed food that has been ground up before it reaches our mouths, we dont generate as much force when chewing.In fact, for millennia human foo d has been growing less tough, fibrous, and hard. ) The size of the human face has gotten about 12 percent smaller since the Paleolithic, Lieberman says, particularly around the oral cavity, delinquent to the effects of mechanical loading on the size of the face. Fourteen thousand years ago, a much big proportion of the face was between the bottom of the jaw and the nostrils. xxxviii) The size of teeth has not decreased as fast (genetic factors control more of their variation) hence, modern teeth are actually too big for our mouthswisdom teeth become impacted and require extraction. The health hazards of sedentary life seem like an adult problem, but actually, the skeletal system is most responsive to loading when it is immature. xxxix) There is only one window for accumulating bone massduring the first two decades of life. xl) top of the inning bone mass occurs at the end of adolescence, Lieberman explains, and we lose bone steadily thereafter. Kids who are active grow more rob ust bones. ) If youre sedentary as a juvenile, you dont grow as much bone massso as you get older and lose bone mass, you cut back below the threshold for osteoporosis. ) Furthermore, females get osteoporosis more readily than men because they start with less adult bone mass as life spans lengthen, says research broncobuster in cell biology Jennifer Sacheck, of Harvard Medical School, older men will also begin showing symptoms of osteoporosis. ) Weight-bearing exercise only slows the rate of bone loss for adults pre-adolescent bone growth is far more important to long-term skeletal strength. Hence, the sedentary lifestyles of todays youngstersand the cutbacks on school physical-education programsmay be sowing the seeds of general skeletal breakdown as their cohort matures. The dramatic upsurge in consumption of carbonated soft drinks, paired with the simultaneous decline in milk drinking, may also weaken future bones. xli) Both milk (lactose) and soda (sucrose, fructose) are swee t, but soda is sweeter, and todays consumers are hooked on sugar. xlii) We probably evolved our sense of sweetness to detect subtle amounts of carbohydrates in foods, because they provide energy, says Walter Willett. ) But now the expectations of sweetness have been ratcheted up. xliii) A product is not deemed dinky if it is not as sweet as its competitor. ) Sugars added to foods made up 11 percent of the calories in American diets in the late 1970s today they are 16 percent. With agriculture, human health declined, says Lieberman, partly because farming is such hard work, and partly because it allows higher population densities, in which infection spreads more easily. ) There was more disease, a decrease in body size, higher mortality rates among juveniles, and more stress lines in bones and teeth, Lieberman says. ) Cultivating grain also allowed farmers to space their children more closely. liv) Hunter-gatherers have long intervals between births, because they do not wean childre n until age tetrad or five, when teeth are ready to chew hard foods. (You cant feed babies beef jerky, jokes Lieberman. ) xlv) Farmers, however, can make gruela high-calorie mush of roots or grains like millet, taro, or oats that doesnt require chewingand wean children much sooner. ) Grains, the source of products such as bread, baked goods, and corn syrup, did not become plentiful in the human diet until the establishment of agriculture. xlvi) So grain farming allowed bigger families and has changed the human situation in endless ways. But while people have eaten grains for a hundred centuries, until the last half-century, most grains consumed were not heavily processed. ) In the last 50 years, the extent of processing has increased so much that prepared breakfast cerealseven without added sugaract exactly like sugar itself, says pediatrics specialist David Ludwig. ) In 1981, David Jenkins, a professor of nutrition at the University of Toronto, led a team that tested various foo ds to define which were best for diabetics. xlvii) They developed a glycemic index that ranked foods from 0 to 100, depending on how fastly the body turned them into glucose. This work overturned some established bromides, such as the distinction between simple and complex carbohydrates a baked chromatic potato, for example, traditionally defined as a complex carbohydrate, has a glycemic rank of 85 (ffl12 studies vary) whereas a 12-ounce can of Coca-Cola appears on some glycemic indices at 63. xlviii) Eating high-glycemic foods dumps large amounts of glucose suddenly into the bloodstream, triggering the pancreas to secrete insulin, the hormone that allows glucose to enter the bodys cells for metabolism or storage. lix) The pancreas over-responds to the spike in glucosea more rapid rise than a hunter-gatherers bloodstream was likely to encounterand secretes lots of insulin. ) But while high-glycemic foods raise blood sugar quickly, they also leave the gastrointestinal tract quick ly, Ludwig explains. The plug gets pulled. l) With so much insulin go, blood sugar plummets. This triggers a second wave of hormones, including stress hormones like epinephrine. li) The body puts on the emergency brakes, says Ludwig. lii) It releases any stored fuelsthe liver starts releasing glucose. iii) This raises blood sugar back into the normal range, but at a cost to the body. ) One cost, documented by studies at the School of Public Health, is that going through this kind of physiologic stress three to five times per day doubles the risk of heart attacks. ) Another cost is excess hunger. ) The precipitous drop in blood sugar triggers primal mechanisms in the brain The brain thinks the body is starving, Ludwig explains. liv) It doesnt care about the 30 pounds of fat socked away, so it sends you to the refrigerator to get a quick fix, like a can of soda. ) Glycemic spikes may underlie Ludwig and Gortmakers finding, published in the Lancet two years ago, that each additional daily serving of a sugar-sweetened drink multiplies the risk of obesity by 1. 6. ) Some argue that people compensate for such sugary intake by eating less later on, to balance it out, but Ludwig asserts, We dont compensate well when calories come in liquid form. lv) The meal has to go through your gut, where the brain gets satiety signals that slow you down. On the other hand, you could drink a 64-ounce soft drink before you knew what hit you. ) Since humans can take in large amounts of food in a short time, we are adapted to receiving much higher glycemic loads than other primates, says Richard Wrangham, speculating that nonhuman primates may be poor models for research on human diabetes because they have a different insulin system. lvi) The only component of the hunter-gatherer diet likely to cause extreme insulin spikes is honey, which Wrangham feels is likely to have been very important, at least seasonally, for our ancestors. What is veritable is that hunter-gatherers never experienced anything like the routine daily glucose-insulin cycles that characterize a modern diet loaded with refined sugars and starches. lvii) Constantly buffeted by these insulin surges, over time the bodys cells develop insulin resistance, a decreased response to insulins signal to take in glucose. lviii) When the cells slam their doors shut, high levels of glucose keep circulating in the bloodstream, prompting the pancreas to secrete even more insulin. This syndrome can turn into an endocrine disorder called hyperinsulinemia that sets the stage for Type II, or adult-onset, diabetes, which has become epidemic in recent years. ) Ironically, U. S. government agencies attempts to deal with obesity during the last three decadesencouraging people to eat less fat and more carbohydrates, for exampleactually may have exacerbated the problem. ) Take the Department of Agricultures (USDA) Food Guide Pyramid, first promulgated in 1992. ix) The pyramids diagram of dietary recommendations is a familiar sight on cereal boxeshardly a coincidence, since the guidelines suggest six to 11 servings daily from the bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group. ) The USDA recommends eating more of these starches than any other category of food. lx) Unfortunately, such starches are nearly all high-glycemic carbohydrates, which drive obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and Type II diabetes. ) At best, the USDA pyramid offers wishy-washy, scientifically unfounded advice on an absolutely vital topicwhat to eat, writes Willett in Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy. At worst, the misinformation contributes to overweight, poor health, and unnecessary early deaths. ) Clearly, some food industries have for many years successfully influenced the government in ways that keep the prices of certain foods artificially low. lxi) David Ludwig questions farm subsidies of billions to the lowest-quality foodsfor example, grains like corn (for corn sweeteners and animal feed to make Big Macs) and pale yellow (refined carb ohydrates. ) ) Meanwhile, the government does not subsidize far healthier items like fruits, vegetables, beans, and nuts. xii) Its a perverse situation, he says. The foods that are the worst for us have an artificially low price, and the best foods cost more. lxiii) This is worse than a free market we are creating a mirror-world here. ) Governmental policies like cutting school budgets by dropping physical education programs may also prove to be a false economy. ) Theres fast food sold in school cafeterias, soft drinks and candies in school vending machines, and advertising in classrooms on Channel One. ) Meanwhile there are cutbacks in physical education, as if it were a luxury.What was once daily and mandatory is now infrequent and optional. ) Consider the flap that arose after the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization issued a report in 2003 recommending guidelines for eating to improve world nutrition and prevent chronic diseases. lxiv) Instead of applauding the report, the DHHS issued a 28-page, line-by-line critique and tried to get WHO to quash it. lxv) WHO recommended that people limit their intake of added sugars to no more than 10 percent of alories eaten, a guideline poorly received by the Sugar Association, a trade group that has threatened to pressure Congress to challenge the United States $406 million contribution to WHO. ) By the last decade of the 20th Century, Americans had become much more adventuresome eaters. lxvi) Variety of choice is nearly unbelievable. lxvii) Ethnic cuisine, once shunned, enjoys increasing popularity and the new foods introduced via that route add greatly to the variety of food choices. ) The trend toward eating out of the home continues to grow in 1998, 47% of the food dollar was spent away from home. xviii) However, the concern for nutrition was higher than ever and that fact probably contributed to keeping some meals at home. ) Todays families seem busier than ever. l xix) Rushing between work and school often leaves parents scrambling for time to prepare nutritious, good-tasting meals for their children. ) In fact, 44 percent of U. S. weekday meals are prepared in 30 minutes or less. ) As the quality of our diets has deteriorated over the last 50 years, certain diseases have become rampant. Directly related to food, you hear a lot of talk about obesity-related problems in terms of diabetes, coronary artery disease and high blood pressure, and those happen in both men and women, lxx) Those are the general categories of ailments there are also many specific diet-related disorders. ) A majority of individuals are making less healthy food choices for better time management. ) Whether for good or bad, changes in diet and fitness have morphed the way people live. ) In the 1960s, it was still common to plant a garden or a fruit tree for food. xxi) Nowadays, this is not the case in fact it is less common to grow a garden in the U. S than it was 50 year s ago. ) Even quick, pop in the microwave or oven meals have become more popular, in spite of the fact that the invention of the TV dinner occurred in 1944. lxxii) Between working and conflicting schedules, there are not as many home-cooked, healthy meals on the plates of children today. ) Obesity has reached epidemic proportions. lxxiii) In 2007 and 2008, 34 percent of Americans were obese and another 34 percent were overweight, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. xxiv) In 1960 and 1962, only about 14 percent of Americans were obese and 31. 5 percent were overweight. lxxv) Since 1976, the number of obese children from ages 2 to 5 has nearly doubled. ) In 2011, people are looking for weight loss at a quick pace with diet pills, diet shakes, surgery and different diets such as the cabbage soup diet. lxxvi) There are more fad diets and methods of weight loss than ever before. IV. Are food allergies on the rise? If so, why? a) The number of kids with food aller gies went up 18 percent from 1997 to 2007, according to the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ) About 3 million children younger than 18 had a food or digestive allergy in 2007, the CDC said. c) A recent study in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology found that visits to the emergency room at Childrens Hospital Boston for allergic reactions more than doubled from 2001 to 2006. i) Although this is just one hospital, the findings reflect a rise in food allergies seen in national reports, said Dr. Susan Rudders, lead author and pediatric allergist-immunologist in Providence, Rhode Island. d) One theory is that the Western diet has made people more susceptible to developing allergies and other illnesses. i) The children in the African village live in a community that produces its own food. iii) The study authors say this is closer to how humans ate 10,000 years ago. iv) Their diet is mostly vegetarian. e) By contrast, the local diet of European children contains more sugar, animal fat and calorie-dense foods. v) The study authors posit that these factors result in less biodiversity in the organisms found inside the gut of European children. f) The decrease in richness of gut bacteria in Westerners may have something to do with the rise in allergies in industrialized countries, said Dr.Paolo Lionetti of the department of pediatrics at Meyer Children Hospital at the University of Florence. vi) Sanitation measures and vaccines in the West may have controlled infectious disease, but they decreased exposure to a variety of bacteria may have opened the door to these other ailments. g) Another theory is that children need to get exposed to common allergens, such as nuts and shellfish, from a much earlier age, to avoid developing allergies. vii) Some doctors have been recommending waiting until 2 or 3, but Ferdman at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles is a proponent of giving kids nuts very early. iii) This could occur through breastfeeding or an unin tended exposure to highly processed foods in the Western diet that may contain hidden sources of the allergens. h) Cooking practices can also affect the development of food allergies. ix) For example, roasting a peanut enhances its allergenic potential compared to other forms of preparing peanut. x) Peanut allergy is more common in the U. S. where peanuts are roasted, as compared to China where peanuts are boiled. V. Is the fast food industry hurting our waistlines and our health? How? ) American emphasis on convenience and rapid consumption is best represented in fast foods such as hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks, which almost all Americans have eaten. b) By the 1960s and 1970s fast foods became one of Americas strongest exports as franchises for McDonalds and Burger Kings spread through the world (Klem 443). c) The effect of fast food chains was infectious they had become accepted in American society. d) Traditional meals cooked at home and consumed at a leisurely pace g ave way to quick lunches and dinners eaten on the run as other countries mimicked American cultural patterns. ) In some ways, American food developments are contradictory. f) Americans are more aware of food quality, yet are still eating unhealthy foods due to their increasing dependence on convenience, and are also regularly eating fast foods (Heymsfield 148). i) Its hard for people to give up traditions, states nutrition ripe, Kathy Johnson. g) Spurlocks total immersion in fast food was a one-subject research study, and his bodys response a warning about the way we eat now. h) Super Size Me could be a credo for the United States, where people, like their automobiles, have become gargantuan. i) SUVs, big homes, penis enlargement, breast enlargement, bulking up with steroidsits a context of everything acquire bigger, says K. Dun Gifford 60, LL. B. 66, president of the Oldways Preservation and Exchange Trust, a nonprofit organization specializing in food, diet, and nutrition educat ion. i) Steven Gortmaker, professor of society, human development, and health at the School of Public Health, observes that the convenience-food culture is so ubiquitous that even conscientious parents have trouble steering their children away from junk food. ii) You let your kids go on a play date, says the father of two, and they come home and say, We went to Burger King for lunch. j) He notes that on any given day, 30 percent of American children aged four to 19 eat fast food, and older and wealthier ones eat even more. k) Overall, 7 percent of the U. S. population visits McDonalds each day, and 20 to 25 percent eat in some kind of fast-food restaurant. v) But taking the family to McDonalds for, say, Chicken McNuggets, French fries, and a sugar-sweetened beveragea meal loaded with calories, salt, trans fats (the most unhealthy, artery-clogging fats of all, typified in partially hydrogenated oils), fried foods, starch, and sugarmakes Gortmaker shake his head. I cant imagine a wor se meal for kids, he says. They call this a prosperous Meal? l) Humans can eat convenient, refined, highly processed food with great speed, enabling them to consume an astonishing caloric loadliterally thousands of caloriesin minutes. ) Gortmaker, Ludwig, and colleagues did research comparing caloric intake on days when children ate in a fast-food restaurant to days when they did not they soaked up 126 calories more on fast-food days, which could translate into a weight gain of 13 pounds per year on fast food alone. m) Pumping up portion size makes good demarcation sense, because the cost of ingredients like sugar and water for a carbonated soda is trivial, and customers perceive the larger amount as delivering greater value. vi) When you have calories that are fantastically cheap, in a culture where bigger is better, thats a dangerous combination, says Walter Willett. ) Furthermore, Portion sizes have increased dramatically since the 1950s, says Beatrice Lorge Rogers 68, profess or of economics and food indemnity at Tufts Universitys Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. vii) For proof, consider a 1950s advertising jingle Pepsi-Cola hits the spot/12 full ounces, thats a lot. Well, its not a lot any more. o) For decades, 12 ounces (itself a move up from earlier 6. 5- and 10-ounce bottles) was the standard serving size for soft drinks. viii) But since the 1970s, soft drink bottles have grown to 20 and 24 ounces today, even one-liter (33. 8 ounce) bottles are marketed as single servings. ix) It doesnt stop there. The 7-11 convenience store chain offers a Double Gulp cup filled with 64 ounces of ice and soda a half-gallon serving. Surely, the 128-ounce Gallon Guzzle is on the horizon. p) Soft drinks are becoming Americas favorite breakfast beverage, and specialty sandwiches and burritos for breakfast are fast-growing items, part of the trend toward eating out for all meals. q) The restaurant industrywhich employs 12 million workers (second only to government) and has projected sales of $440. 1 billion this year, according to its national associationranks among the nations largest businesses. ) Today, Americans spend 49 cents of every food dollar on food eaten outside the home, where, according to Rogers, they consume 30 percent of their calories. x) That includes take-out food (which some parts of the restaurant industry now style as home meal replacement). s) In some ways, you can see obesity as the tip of the iceberg, sitting on top of huge societal issues, says Willett. xi) There are enormous pressures on homes with both the husband and wife in the work force. t) One reason things need to be fast is that Mom is not at home preparing meals and waiting for the kids to come home from school any more. ii) She is out there in the office all day, commuting home, and maybe working extra hours at night. xiii) This means heating something in the microwave or hitting the drive-through at McDonalds. u) There really is a time issuepe ople do have less time. v) Technology may have entrenched that passivity, while making food preparation easier and faster. w) Three Harvard economists, professors of economics Edward Glaeser and David Cutler, and graduate student Jesse Shapiro, argued in a recent paper that improved technology has cut the time needed to prepare food, allowing us to eat more conveniently. iv) For example, in 1978, they note, only 8 percent of homes had microwave ovens, but 83 percent do today. Food that once took hours to prepare is now nuked in minutes. x) Technology can also change what we eat. xv) Potatoes used to be baked, boiled, or mashed the labor involved in peeling, cutting, and cooking French fries meant that few home cooks served them, the economists point out. xvi) But now factories prepare potatoes for frying and ship them to fast-food outlets or freeze them for microwave cooking at home. ) Americans ate 30 percent more potatoes between 1977 and 1995, most of that increase coming in the form of French fries and potato chips. z) In general, technology has enabled the food industry to do more of the work of preparing and cooking what we eat, increasing the proportion of processed victuals in the nations diet. xvii) Frequently, processing also folds in more ingredients russet potatoes, for example, contain no added salt or oil, though most potato chips do. ) Within our laissez-faire system of food supply, the food vendors actions arent illegal, or even inherently immoral. viii) The food industrys major objective is to get us to intake more food, says Gortmaker. xix) And the TV industrys objective is to get us to watch more television, to be sedentary. ) Advertising is the action that keeps them both successful. xx) So youve got two huge industries being successful at what they are speculate to do creating more intake and less activity. xxi) And since larger people require more food energy just to sustain themselves, the food industry is growing a larger market for it self. ) That industry spends billions of dollars on research, says Willett. xii) They have carefully researched the exact levels of sweetness and saltiness that will make every food as attractive as possible, he explains. xxiii) Each follow is putting out its bait, trying to make it more attractive than its competitors. ) Food industry science is getting better, more refined, and more powerful as we go along. xxiv) They do good sciencethey dont throw their money down the drain. ) What we spend on nutrition education is only in the tens of millions of dollars annually. xxv) Theres a huge imbalance, and it tips more and more in favor of the food industry every year. Food executives like to say, Just educate the consumerwhen they create the demand for healthier food, well supply it xxvi) Thats a bit disingenuous when you consider that they are already spending billions to educate consumers. ) The food industry itself has begun to make certain investments in the direction of healthi er eating. xxvii) In the future, I see a convergence between food and health, says Goldberg. xxviii) The food industry has been warned of the backlash that could hit them, like it did tobacco. ) He suggests that the food industry will become more responsive to consumers health concerns regarding issues like bioengineered ingredients in foodstuffs. ) People want a diversity of sources for their food, and traceability of sources, he says. ) The bar code will become a vehicle not just for pricing, but for describing and listing ingredients. ) Even fast-food chains are changing in the past year, they reported a 16 percent growth in servings of main-dish salads. ) Willet sees no reason why healthy eating should not be as delicious and attractive as junk food, and the franchisers may be headed that way as well. xix) McDonalds is currently testing an adult meal that includes a pedometer and Step With It booklet along with any entree salad. In its kids meals, Wendys is trying out fruit cup s with melon slices instead of French fries. xxx) Yogurt manufacturer Stonyfield Farm has launched a chain of healthful fast-food restaurants called ONaturals. ) Doritos themselves are getting healthier. xxxi) Fitness expert Kenneth Cooper, M. P. H. 62, founder of the Cooper Aerobics Center in Dallas, has been working with PepsiCos CEO, Steven S. Reinemund, to develop new products and modify existing items in a healthier direction. The companys Frito-Lay unit last year eliminated trans fats from its salty offerings. xxxii) Frito-Lay introduced organic, healthier versions of Doritos and Cheetos under the Natural sub-brand. xxxiii) As a result, 55 million pounds of trans fats will be removed(p) from the American diet over the next 12 months, Cooper says. ) PepsiCo is in 150 countries, and many of their healthier products will soon be promoted throughout the world. ) natural fitness is good business for the individual and for the corporation. ) PepsiCo sells plenty of food and beve rages from vending machines, many of them in schools. xxiv) You dont resolve the obesity problem in children by taking the vending machines out of schools, Cooper declares. Kids will still get what they want. xxxv) Put better products in the machines and get physical education back in the schools. ) Accordingly, PepsiCo is stocking some school machines with fruit juices from its Tropicana and Dole brands, Gatorade, and Aquafina bottled water others offer Frito-Lay products that meet Coopers Class I standard no trans fats and curb amounts of calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium. Fast food has become a staple for many individuals. xxxvi) Though fast food was developed in the 1930s, it has peaked in popularity during the past two decades. ) According to CBS HealthWatch, at least a quarter of all Americans eat at McDonalds once per day. 1) How have your own dietary practices changed over the years? 2) How have your dietary practices changed since taking a course in nutrition?

Global Leaders Essay

For my essay I chose Nicolas Sarkozy, who is the President of the French Republic. I would describe Nicolas Sarkozys leadership room as visionary, affiliative, commanding and pacesetting. Nicolas Sarkozy has a reputation as being confident and fast-paced and aggressive. I would consider Mr. Sarkozy as a visionary on the fact that he was once a lawyer and is close to his people. Mr. Sarkozy inspires people with his vision and reforms. Mr. Sarkozy is affiliative by boosting morale during the economies downturn by miserliness the French company Alstom.Mr. Sarkozy would be considered commanding and pacesetting on the bases that he is very focus driven and has high standards that he expects to be done when he wants them done. I chose to compare U. S. President Barack Obama to French Republic President Nicolas Sarkozy. I would consider President Obama as the new school style of leadership as hostile to President Sarkozys old school style of leadership. I would describe Mr. Obamas leader ship as visionary, coaching, democratic. Mr. Obama and Mr.Sarkozy leadership styles defer in that President Obama is not an aggressive leader but instead puts more effort into the visionary, coaching, and democratic approach to get the peoples value and support. While President Sarkozy has a more my way or the highway approach and more effort is put towards the affiliative, pacesetting and commanding leadership style. Both Presidents have a common style of being visionaries they spend time in inspiring their people on the course that should be taken.

7 Wonders of the World

7 WONDERS OF THE WORLD AIM Is to apprise the house about 7 Wonders of The World. SEQUENCE * register * s eventide round Wonders of the Ancient World * New sevener Wonders of the World * Ongoing Seven wonders of the Nature * Recapitulation * Conclusion HISTORY The origin of the idea of Seven Wonders of the World dates back to Herodotus (484 BC 425 BC) and Callimachus (305 BC 240 BC), who made lists which included 7 famous place of ancient world, and from there the Idea of 7 wonders stgraphicsed. Only the undischarged profit of Giza is still standing of those ancient wonders.The other six were destruct by earthquake, fire, or other causes. New Seven Wonders of the World is a make that attempts to revive the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World concept with a list of modern wonders. A popularity poll was being led by Canadian-Swiss Bernard Weber and organize by the Swiss-based, controlled by New7Wonders Foundation, with winners announced on July 7, 2007 in Lisbon, Portugal. Seve n Wonders of the Ancient World with child(p) Pyramid of Giza * The Great Pyramid of Giza Built 2560 BC. * TheGreat Pyramid of Gizais the oldest and enlargedst of the threepyramidsin theGiza.This is the only wizard of theSeven Wonders of the Ancient Worldthat survives in the world. * It is believed the pyramid was built as a tomb forFourth dynastyEgyptianPharaoh Khufu and constructed over a 20 year period concluding nigh 2540 BC. * The Great Pyramid was thetallest man-made structurein the world for over 3,800 years. * primitively the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface. * The Great Pyramid of Giza is the main part of a involved setting of buildings that included twomortuary templesin honor of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile).Hanging Gardens of Babylon * TheHanging Gardens ofBabylon are considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. They were built by the ChaldeankingNebuchadnezzar II roughly 600 BC. * He is reported to have constructed the gardens to please his sick wife, who longed for the trees and fragrant plants of her homelandPersia. * The ebullient Hanging Gardens are extensively documented byGreekhistorianssuch asStraboandDiodorus Siculus. Through the ages, the location may have been confused with gardens that existed atNimrud. The gardens were destroyed by several earthquakes after the 2nd atomic number 6 BC. Statue of Zeus at Olympia * TheStatue of Zeus at Olympiawas made by the Greek carverPhidias, circa 432 BC on the site where it was erected in theTemple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece. *It was considered to be one of theSeven Wonders of the Ancient World. * For six hundred years after the death of the sculptor, pile from all over the civilized world travelled to view it as it was thought to be a misfortune to die without seeing this work. The seated statue, some 12 meters (39 feet) tall, occupied the whole width of the aisle of the temple built to house it. It see ms that ifZeuswere to stand up, the geographerStrabonoted azoic in the first hundred BC, he would unroofed the temple. Temple of Artemis * TheTemple of Artemisalso cognise less precisely asTemple ofDiana, was atemple dedicated toArtemiscompleted in its most famous phase nearly 550 BC atEphesus(in present-dayTurkey). * Here were previous temples on its site, where evidence of a sanctuary dates as early as theBronze Age. The whole temple was made of marble except for the roof. The Temple of Artemis was located near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 50km south from a modern port city ofTurkey.Today the site lies on the edge of the modern town ofSelcuk. * The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was destroyed on July 21, 356 BC in an act of arson committed byHero stratus. According to the story, his motivation was fame at any cost, thus the termherostratic fame. * A man was nominate to plan the burning of the temple of Ephesian Diana so that finished the destruction of this most beautif ul building his name might be spread through the whole world. The temple was restored after Alexanders death, in 323 BC. * This reconstruction was itself destroyed during a warin 262. * The Ephesians rebuilt the temple again. * In 401, the temple in its last interpretation was finally destroyed by a mob led by St. John Chrysostom,and the stones were used in construction of other buildingsMausoleum of Halicarnassus * TheMausoleum at Halicarnassus was atombbuilt amid 353 and 350 BC in Turkey forMausolus, asatrapin thePersian Empire, andArtemisia II of Caria, his wife and sister. It stood approximately 45 meters (135 ft) in height, and each of the quaternary sides was modify withsculpturalreliefscreated by each one of four Greek sculptors. * The beauty of the Mausoleum was not only in the structure itself, but in the decorations and statues that adorned the outside at different levels on the podium and the roof statues of people, lions, horses, and other animals in varying scales. The four Greek sculptors who carved the statues were each responsible for one side. * The Mausoleum overlooked the city of Halicarnassus for many years.It was untouched when the city fell to Alexander III of Macedon in 334 BC and still un legal injuryd after attacks bypiratesin 62 and 58 BC. It stood above the citys ruins for sixteen centuries. Then a series of earthquakes shattered the columns and sent the bronze chariot crashing to the ground. By 1404 AD only the real base of the Mausoleum was still recogniz fitted. Lighthouse of Alexandria * TheLighthouse of Alexandriawas a tower built in the 3rd century BC ( amidst 285 and 247 BC) on theislandof pharos inAlexandria. With a height variously estimated at between 115 and 135m (380 and 440ft) it was identified as one of theSeven Wonders of the Ancient World. * The lighthouse was completed in the 3rd century BC. * Alexander died unexpectedly at age 32, Ptolemy Soter (Saviour, named so by the inhabitants of Rhodes) made himself king in 305 BC and ordered the construction of the Pharos shortly thereafter. The building was finished during the reign of his son. * The twoearthquakesin 1303 and 1323 damaged the lighthouse to the extent that the Arab travelerIbn Battutareported no longer being able to enter the ruin.Even the stubby remnant disappeared in 1480. whale of Rhodes * TheColossus of Rhodeswas astatueof the Greek godHelios, erected in the city ofRhodeson theGreekisland ofRhodesbyChares of Lindrosbetween 292 and 280 BC. It is considered one of theSeven Wonders of the Ancient World. Before its destruction, the Colossus of Rhodes stood over 30 meters (107ft) high, making it one of the tallest statues of the ancient world. * The structure as being built with iron outtie bars to which brass plates were fixed to form the skin.The interior of the structure, which stood on a 15-meter- (50-foot-) high whitemarblepedestalnear the nurture entrance, The statue itself was over 30 meters (107 ft) tall. Much of the iron . * The statue stood for only 56 years until Rhodes was hit by the226 BC Rhodes earthquake, when significant damage was also done to large portions of the city, including the harbor and commercial buildings, which were destroyed. * The remains lay on the ground as described byStrabo(Greekhistorian) for over 800 years, and even broken, they were so impressive that many traveled to see them. In 654, an Arab force captured Rhodes, the remains were sold to a Jewish merchant, The buyer had the statue broken down, and transported the bronze scrap on the backs of 900 camels to his home.There is compelling evidence, however, that all traces of the Colossus had actually disappeared long before the Arab invasion. New Seven Wonders of the World Taj Mahal * TheTaj Mahal is amonumentlocated inAgra, India, built by MughalEmperorShah Jahanin fund of his wife,Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is considered the finest example ofMughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian,Indian, an dIslamicarchitectural styles. In 1983, the Taj Mahal became aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site. * In 1631, Shah Jahan, emperor during theMughal empires period of greatest prosperity, was grief-stricken when his third gear wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died during the birth of their fourteenth child. Construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632, one year after her death. The principal construction was completed in 1648. * BY the late 19th century, move of the buildings had fallen badly into isrepair. During the time of theIndian rebellion of 1857, It also damaged during British period, At the end of the 19th century,Lord Curzonordered a capacious restoration project, which was completed in 1908. Great Wall of China * TheGreat Wall of Chinais a series of stone and earthenfortificationsin northerlyChina, built, rebuilt, and keep between the 5th century BC and the 16th century to protect the northern borders of theChinese Empirefromattacks during varioussuccessive dynasties. Since the 5th century BC, several walls have been built that were referred to as the Great Wall.One of the most famous is the wall built between 220206 BC by the firstEmperor of China. * Great Wall, with all of its branches, stretches for 8,851. 8km (5,500. 3mi). This is made up of 6,259. 6km (3,889. 5mi) of sections of actual wall, 359. 7km (223. 5mi) of trenches and 2,232. 5km (1,387. 2mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers. * At present some portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many locations the Wall is in disrepair.Many Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction. More than 60kilometers (37mi) of the wall inGansuprovince may disappear in the next 20 years, due to erosion fromsandstorms. In places, the height of the wall has been reduced from more than five meters (16. 4ft) to less than two meters. The square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappe ared completely. Many western sections of the wall areconstructed from mud, rather than brick and stone, and thus become more harmful for the building.Roman Coliseum * Roman Coliseum in the center of the city ofRome,Italy, the largest ever built in theRoman Empire. It is one of the greatest works ofRoman architecture. its construction started between 70 and 72 AD under the emperorVespasianand was completed in 80 AD. * Construction of the Colosseum began under the get of the EmperorVespasianin around 7072AD. The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Hills, By the 2nd century BC. * In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged y a major fire (caused by lightning) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatres interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240, again possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443 and again constructed in 484 and 508. * Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, a lso country caused sevear damage by the earthquake. * Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. * But again at 19th centaury Roman rebuilt it. The Colosseum is today one of Romes most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. * On July 7, 2007, the Colosseum was voted as one of New present World CorporationsNew Seven Wonders of the World. Petra * Petrameaningrock Its inJordan, lying on the slope ofMountin abasinamong the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah , the large valley running from theDead Seato theGulf of Aqaba. * Petra is also one of theNew Seven Wonders of the World. The constructed it as their capital city around 100 BC. The site suffers from a host of threats, including collapse of ancient structures, erosion due to flooding and improper rainwater drainage, weathering from salt upwelling, improper restoration of ancient structures, and unsustainable tourism. The latter has increased substantially ever since the site was named one of theNew Seven Wonders of the Worldin 2007 Machu Picchu * Machu Picchulocated 2,430meters (8,000ft) above sea level. It is situated on a mountain ridge above theUrubamba ValleyinPeru, Often referred to as The Lost City of the Incas, Machu Picchu is one of the most familiar symbols of theInca Empire. The Incas started building it around AD 1430. * Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCOWorld Heritage Sitein 1983. * Machu Picchu was built in the classical Inca style, with polisheddry-stone walls. Its primary buildings are theIntihuatana, theTemple of the Sun, and theRoom of the Three Windows. These are located in what is known by archaeologists as theSacred Districtof Machu Picchu. * Machu Picchu was constructed around 1462, at the height of the Inca Empire.It is likely that most of its inhabitants were wiped out by smallpoxbefore theSpanishconquistadoresarrived in the are a, and there is no record of the Spanish having known of the remote city. * An area of 325. 92 square kilometers surrounding Machu Picchu was declared a Historical Sanctuary of Peru in 1971. In addition to the ruins, this sanctuary area includes a large portion of adjoining region, rich withfloraandfauna. * Machu Picchu was designated as aWorld Heritage Sitein 1983 when it was described as an absolute masterpiece of architecture and a unique testimony to the Inca civilization Christ the Redeemer Christ the Redeemeris astatueofJesus ChristinRio de Janeiro,Brazil considered the largestart deco (Art Decowas a popular international art design movement from 1925 until the 1940s)statue in the world. The statue stands 39. 6meters (130ft) tall, including its 9. 5 meter (31 ft) pedestal, and 30meters (98ft) wide. It weighs 635 tons (700short tons), and is located at the peak of the 700meters (2,300ft)Corcovadomountain. It is one of the tallest of its kind in the world. the statue has become an icon of Rio and Brazil. The idea for erecting a large statue atop Corcovado was first suggested in the mid 1850s, which finance fromPrincess Isabelto build a large religiousmonument. The second proposal for a largelandmarkstatue on the mountain was made in 1921 by the Catholic Circle of Rio. The group organized an event calledSemana do Monumento(Monument Week) to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue. The donations came mostly fromBrazilian Catholics. Chichen Itza * Chichen Itzais a largepre-Columbianarchaeological sitebuilt by theMaya civilizationlocated in the northern center of the Mexico.Chichen Itza was a major regional focal headway in the northern Maya lowlands from theLate Classicthrough theTerminal Classicand into the early portion of theEarly Postclassicperiod. The site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles, from what is called Mexicanized * Chichen Itza is maintained by Mexicos(National Institute of Anthropology and His tory, INAH). The land under the monuments, however, is privately-owned by the Barbican family. * Someethnohistoricsources claim that in about 987 aToltecking arrived here with his array from central Mexico made Chichen Itza his capital.The art and architecture from this period shows an interesting mix of Maya and Toltec styles. * Chichen Itza was a major economic power in the northern Maya lowlands. * Its a largest tourist place in Mexico but Over the past several years, INAH, which manages the site, has been closing monuments to public access. While visitors can walk around them, they can no longer climb them or go inside their chambers. The most recent was El Castillo, which was closed after a San Diego, Calif. , woman fell to her death in 2006.

Film versions of Romeo and Juliet Essay

My aim of this essay is to compare the two versions of Romeo and Juliet that are directed by Baz Lehrman and Franco Zeffirelli. Lehrman tog his in red-brick times with modern clothing and buildings. He still uses early modern English only if with some lines changed, so the modern audience can understand the story a little easier. It was created in 1996. It is given a Miami beach setting with loud unison and super-artsy sets, reviewers said essential born killers meet Stratford-Upon-Avon, a kind of Shakespeare MTV. This version definitely helped younger people with the understanding of the play, and to appreciate the works of Shakespeare, simply because Lehrman could keep to the main arse of the story, yet modernise it to suit these recent times, and keep the audience interested through pop out the whole of the film. It was certified as a twelve.Zeffirelis version is set in Elizabethan times in Italy. At the time that this film was created it was the first version of Romeo and J uliet where the two main characters were played by actual teenagers (seventeen and fifteen). He created the latest action, humour and romantic film version of Romeo and Juliet yet. It was shot in Italy in three main cities of Tuscany, Umbria, and Lazio, but all(a) the scenes of riot and duelling were shot in Gubbio. It was certified as PG.Both of the opening scenes begin with the famous chorus Two households both alike in dignity This gives you a basic trace of the story although it isnt clear. Zeffirelli had a male voice talking with the same tone of voice throughout it, it was a fairly plain tone but had the hint of sadness as well. On the book binding all you can examine is a border surrounding the town at the edge of the screen in orange and yellow swirls giving it an ornament look. There is a birds eye view moving across the town so through it, the camera moves very slowly and appears almost like an introduction to the town and gives a sense of romance and anger.The romanc e because of when the shot is in the town centre it pivots towards the sunlight it makes you think of happiness and love. Anger, because of the mist right at the beginning and the dark shadows of the walls when the camera goes down fairly dark alleyways. There is folky and old aged music throughout it, this gives you a head title-holdert in knowing on that point will be old fashioned buildings and costume, this creates an image of the Shakespearian times and generate over the whole story of Romeo and Juliet.Lehrman begins with a television set and a pitch black background with the T.V screen fuzzy at first because with someone channel hopping giving you the directors name an the production team name. It is completely silent with only the sounds of the remote control flicking over the channels. because there is a newscaster announcing the news/story of Romeo and Juliets death. She is reading the chorus which is read at the beginning of Franco Zeffirelis version. As she is talki ng the camera very slowly zooms into the screen. thusly just as she reads the last line the camera zooms in very quickly into the blue background on the T.V screen.Then very loud opera music is played. This gives you a sense of danger maybe violence, the camera zooms down a yen road through the town, I think this might flip been influenced by the last line Is now the two hours traffic of our stage as the word traffic stands out. Then there are flashes of the scenes throughout the characterisation mainly of violence. The chorus is repeated this time by a male voice. There are pictures of newspaper articles and main words like Two star crossed lovers take their life this is to point out main themes of the story. There is in any case displays of the white dove and sacred heart labelling Catholicism.The party scene in Zeffirelis in some ways is different but also similar to that in Lehrmans, like when the pair talk to each other there is a solo being sung in the background or on-s tage both romantic songs to set the scene for when the pair fall in love. In Lehrmans you have the vision of Romeo who is on drugs, so there is a lot of spinning camera work to draw the works of ecstasy also it changes from one thing to another like when Romeo is talking to Lord Capulet wherefore the next moment he sees him interpret also the appearance of Mercutio singing and dancing. by and by he is looking into the fish tank and there he sees Juliet on the other side of it. He instantly takes an interest in her beauty and follows her over.Then Juliet dances with Paris but keeps an eye out for Romeo. When the dance is over there is a huge celebration when Romeo grabs Juliets hand and they begin to talk then the camera shows what Juliet is seeing when Paris turns around ands laughs. Later when they are in the lift to subscribeher the camera slowly moves around them whilst they kiss to get all sides of them both, it does this about two times I think they do this because its such a passionate moment that Lehrman wanted to make it last as long as possible. In fact its done twice once when they get in the lift and then again when they run out of the lift then back in. When the nurse comes to get Juliet she gives Romeo an evil look, which he doesnt understand at first until he realises that she is Capulet, the music quietens and the camera holds long time shots at both their faces also when Juliet finds out Romeos a Montague, this creates a lot tension.In Zeffirellis he chose to get Romeo to see Juliet before she sees him whilst she is dancing. Soon Juliet spots him and she takes an interest. Zeffirelli chose to get them to meet through a dance called the moreska. Here they dance together they dont actually talk but you can see in their faces they begin to fancy each other. At this section just like in Lehrmans there is a lot of spinning camera work specially when there are two sets dancing it shows flashes of Lord Capulet, Romeo, Juliet, and of the entire r oom which they are in.When it finishes a soloist comes on stage and every one creates a circle round him, Romeo and Juliet try to find each other and when they do Romeo grabs her hand and talks to her. Later they kiss and the camera pauses on them whilst there is no singing in the music this makes it fairly romantic but I think it would have been a bit better if the camera looked up and down them to show they are really falling in-love. When the nurse takes Juliet away she asks the nurse to find out who Romeo is. Also Romeo finds that Juliet is a Capulet here, as well as Juliet finding out that he is a Montague.Both directors chose to hold the camera on the couples first kiss. I think they chose this because it really creates a romantic atmosphere this helps people to see the passion between each other. Also they chose to get Romeo to grab Juliets hand from behind a column, this makes him appear like the no fear sheath, the type who are not scared to jump into things like here he i nstantly tries to impress her with holy palmers kiss. This keeps up Romeos personality on what he does for love, like at the end killing himself for Juliet.